2022 KS BULL Issue 2 (RI)
Uploaded by lene · 14 November 2023
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Text from the first pagesThe views expressed in each essay are purely for the academic purposes of crafting a viable argumentative response. They do not necessarily reflect the personal opinions of any student or staff member, nor do they necessarily represent the perspective(s) of Raffles Institution. No portion of this collection may be reproduced or sha red for any reason and by any means whatsoever. Note: The comments that follow each student response include both markers’ and editors’ comments.
KS Bull 2022 | Issue 2 © Raffles Institution Unauthorised copying, sharing & distribution prohibited 2 CONTENTS 2022 Year 6 CT | Paper 1 Can space travel ever be justified? 1 Goh Su En | 22S03O 4 2 Sun Xiaoqing | 22S06D 8 ‘We cannot trust science to provide an effective answer to our environmental concerns.’ Discuss. 3 Jiang Chen | 22S03K 11 ‘In today’s digital age, freedom of expression works better in theory than in practice.’ To what extent is this true? 4 Shu Hanchen | 22S06R 14 ‘There is no longer any value in telling the truth’. Discuss. 5 Swaminathan Visakan | 22S02A 18 ‘A career in sports or the arts is still undesirable.’ How far is this true of your society? 6 Jennifer Liu Zixuan | 22S06G 21 2022 Year 6 GP CT | Paper 2 7 Passage: “Marriage” 25 8 AQ Response Pang Ler Yng | 22A13B 28
KS Bull 2022 | Issue 2 © Raffles Institution Unauthorised copying, sharing & distribution prohibited 3 2022 Year 5 GP CT | Paper 1 ‘Equality for all is only an aspiration.’ How far is this true of your society? 9 Lye Sze‐Ann | 23A01D 30 ‘Government regulation of the media has become less effective today.’ Do you agree? 10 Tiong Siong Yee Jared | 23S06H 34 Consider the view that comics offer nothing more than entertainment. 11 Cheong Raeanne | 23A01D 37 Editorial Team 40
KS Bull 2022 | Issue 2 © Raffles Institution Unauthorised copying, sharing & distribution prohibited 4 1 2022 | Y6 | GP CT | Paper 1 | Question 4 Goh Su En | 22S03O Can space travel ever be justified? The space travel industry has been rejuvenated by fresh and unconventional actors, like Elon Musk with his SpaceX brainchild and Richard Branson with his Virgin Atlantic project. At the same time, publicly funded space institutions like NASA continue to make headway in space travel, most recently launching a shuttle carrying a Rover to trav erse Mars, a possible planet to call home. These developments have once again fired up the debate on whether space travel can ever be justified, and whether the incurred cost of human lives and zero‐sum resources can ever be weighed up by the immense albeit uncertain benefits of space trav el. There have been existing reasons to justify space travel, such as the pursuit of human knowledge and the use of space travel as a political tool. In addition, today’s world creates extraordinary circumstances that further justify space research: the involvement of private corporations and the inevitable nature of cl imate change. Therefore, space travel can be justified under certain conditions, like those of today. Some critics believe that space travel can never be justified because of the massive amount of public resources spent on it that could be used for more pressing purposes. Indeed, this view can be summed up by th e words of former President of the United States of America, Dwight Eisenhower, “Every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who are hungry and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed.” Indeed, the view that space travel incurs a hu ge opportunity cost of resources is illustrated best by how $200 million was spent in the year Neil Armstrong landed on the moon – $200 million that could have been spent on housing the poor and educating the illiterate, throughout the year and across all 50 states of the US, rather th an on a once‐off trip that may have not yielded much beyond a day’s worth of fanfare and a false sense of superiority for having done something before the Russians (who actually reached space first). If space travel seems so unjustified in a rather developed country like the US, imagine ho w much more unfathomable it would be for the 80 million impoverished individuals in India to accept that the government has spent an annual budget amounting to billions on the Indian Space Research Organisation, when it could have been used to improve sanitation in the country. Both examples point to the fac t that space travel can never be justified when it diverts resources away from addressing social problems that are most definitely impeding people from living better lives, in exchange for benefits that oftentimes have very low probability of creating any tangible outcomes. Obstacles, one after another, lie in the way of space scientists and astronauts, from findin g an area that is safe enough to explore, to constructing a shuttle that suits all requirements, to launching it successfully, to gathering enough data and returning safely, only to discover the need to organise mission after mission because each round can only yield so much retur n. At one point, the question of whether the government is using its resources responsibly comes into play. Although the government
KS Bull 2022 | Issue 2 © Raffles Institution Unauthorised copying, sharing & distribution prohibited 5 may try to justify its actions by explaining how it benefits future generations with increased knowledge, the fact that we are denying an impoverished girl a potato in order to plant a tree for future non‐existent generations is simply counter‐intuitive. Thus, critics would say that space travel can never be ju stified. It is not just the cost of material resources, but also that of human lives, that stops critics from justifying space travel in all circumstances. Under Ronald Reagan’s leadership, the explosion of the Challenger shuttle, that carried not just astronauts but also a schoolteacher, was a tragic event that was br oadcast live to all citizens of America, scarring the hearts of loved ones and children in particular. Space research can never be justified because of the possible loss of human lives. And as much as these astronauts may have given consent, it is important to recognise that their family mem bers and friends may not be as supportive, and that the unfamiliar nature of space travel coupled with the irreversibility of the decision renders any consent meaningless. Hence, to protect children, parents, or spouses of astronauts, some argue that space travel can never be justified. Indeed, it is worth noting that the pr ohibitive cost of resources and, potentially, of human lives renders space travel unjustifiable. However, there are specific circumstances that can tilt the scale, such that there is an imperative to carry out space travel despite its drawbacks. As climate change becomes increasingly impossible to solve, and private corporations come onbo ard to share the massive costs of space travel, there are unique circumstances that could justify space travel in addition to generic arguments for it. I will therefore be elaborating on traditional reasons to justify space travel, and how the trade‐ off is made even more palatable given new developments. On e conventional argument to justify space travel is the pursuit of scientific knowledge. While space travel may not always bring about tangible outcomes, it allows us to make better sense of the universe we live in, thereby having a better understanding of our role in the greater scheme of things. This is why spac e scientists sent out the Voyager Golden Records o
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