ACSI HL Acids Bases & Salts 2023 (Student)

IBDP Chemistry HL/Acids Bases and Salts Page 1 Anglo−Chinese School (Independent) Year 6 (2023 ) IBDP HL Chemistry (IBDP syllabus Topic 8) 8.1 Theories of acids and bases - Essential Idea: Many reactions involve the transfer of a proton from an acid to a base. 8.2 Properties of acids and bases - Essential Idea: The characterisation of an acid depends on empirical evidence such as the production of gases in reactions with metals, the colour changes of indicators or the release of heat in reactions with metal oxides and hydroxides. 8.3 The pH scale - Essential Idea: The pH scale is an artificial scale used to distinguish between acid, neutral and basic/alkaline solutions. 8.4 Strong and weak acids and bases - Essential Idea: The pH depends on the concentration of the solution. The strength of acids or bases depends on the extent to which they dissociate in aqueous solution. 8.5 Acid deposition - Essential Idea: Increased industrialisation has led to greater production of nitrogen and sulfur oxides leading to acid rain, which is damaging our environment. These problems can be reduced through collaboration with national and intergovernmental organizations. TOPIC 8 ACIDS BASES & SALTS

IBDP Chemistry HL/Acids Bases and Salts Page 2 (IBDP syllabus Topic 18) 18.1 Lewis acids and bases - Essential Idea: The acid –base concept can be extended to reactions that do not involve proton transfer. 18.2 Calculations involving acids and bases - Essential Idea: The equilibrium law can be applied to acid–base reactions. Numerical problems can be simplified by making assumptions about the relative concentrations of the species involved. The use of logarithms is also significant here. 18.3 pH curves - Essential Idea: pH curves can be investi gated experimentally but are mathematically determined by the dissociation constants of the acid and base. An indicator with an appropriate end point can be used to determine the equivalence point of the reaction.

IBDP Chemistry HL/Acids Bases and Salts Page 3 8.1 Theories of acids and bases Nature of science: Falsification of theories —HCN altering the theory that oxygen was the element which gave a compound its acidic properties allowed for other acid–base theories to develop. (2.5) Theories being superseded—one early theory of acidity derived from the sensation of a sour taste, but this had been proven false. (1.9) Public understanding of science—outside of the arena of chemistry, decisions are sometimes referred to as "acid test" or "litmus test". (5.5) Understandings: • A Brønsted –Lowry acid is a proton/H+ donor and a Brønsted –Lowry base is a proton / H + acceptor. • Amphiprotic species can act as both Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases. • A pair of species differing by a single proton is called a conjugate acid–base pair. Applicat