RVHS Statistics Phrasing of Qualitative Answers
Uploaded by KSKS · 20 December 2023
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1 GUIDE to Answering Qualitative Questions for Statistics (assumptions, explain, comment etc) (some edits updated 20 Oct 2023) This guide hopefully helps you to answer qualitative questions more confidently. 1. Binomial Distribution Typical Context: Question talks about some characteristic of the random variable being studied, eg, faulty object/ rotten fruit. X is the random variable for the number of (faulty objects/rotten fruits), out of n (objects) There is a probability of success, p, refers to the probability of that characteristic happening. State clearly in mathematical notations: X ~ B ( n, p) QUESTION: State, in the context of the question, two assumptions needed to model X by a binomial distribution. PHRASING SUGGESTION: 1. The event of a (object/fruit) is (faulty/rotten) is independent of the event of any other (object/fruit) being (faulty/rotten). (this actually conveys the idea that the EVENT of the faulty thing happening to one object does not affect anyther object being faulty.) 2. The probability that each(object/fruit) is (faulty/rotten) is constant throughout for all (objects/fruits). (this phrasing on probability constant should be cited especially for those questions that mention something like “On average, 8% of mugs are faulty.” This is because if given as an average value, we need to assume that the probability of selecting something of the characteristic needs to be constant for it to model by binomial.) Note the key words: EVENT INDEPENDENT; PROBABILITY CONSTANT. Never use the phrasing “probability of…is independent of…” because only events are independent AND NOT the probability value that is independent.
2 2. Normal Distribution QUESTION: Explain whether the normal distribution is a suitable model. (Context: It was found that the time a teenager spends per day on Twister social media is a random variable with a mean of 4 minutes and a standard deviation of 2 minutes.) PHRASING SUGGESTION: Let T be the time spent by a teenager on Twister. Suppose 2~N 4 , 2 ,T Then according to the empirical rule, 99.7% of the values of T will lie within 3 standard deviations. This means 43 ( 2 ) ( 2 , 1 0 ) which contains a significant range of negative values which does not make sense with time. Hence, the normal distribution is not a suitable model. (pls note question mentions data context has mean of 4 minutes and a standard deviation of 2 minutes DOES NOT MEAN that it is normal distribution automatically.) 3. Hypothesis Testing (Significance testing) Denote X as the random variable for the life span of the front tyres. Denote to be the population mean life span of the front tyres. Denote H0: =20000 Denote H1: > 20000 (A) Explain 5% Level of Significance 5% level of significance means that there is a 0.05 probability that the test will indicate to reject the claim (Ho) that the speed of PMD riders is 1
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