Electronics notes (Analogue)

Electronicsnotes(Analogue)(pmsomething3009ondiscordifthereareanyerrors)Chapter Content Examples Chapter1:ElectronicSystems Mainpartsofelectronicsystems:InputSubsystem,ProcessSubsystem,OutputSubsystem Calculators, Microphones,hairdryer,ect BlockDiagram(egthermometer) Howelectronicsystemsarepresented:BlockDiagrams(seeabove):ProvidesoverviewofsystemCircuitDiagram:Givesinformationonhowthecircuitisbuilt,andcontainsvalues,componentsandthewayitisconnected CircuitDiagram: Howdoesinformationflowinelectronicsystems?Electronicsystemscanonlyprocessinfointheformofelectricsignals(voltage/currentsthatcarryinfo)nonelectricalinfo(input)->Electricalinfo(process)->nonelectricinfo(output) Analoguesignals:0to5VDigitalsignals:0OR5V Chapter2:CurrentElectricity Voltage:Comesin2formsElectromotiveforce(EMF):TotalvoltageofbatteriesconnectedinseriesorparallelEffectiveEMFinseries=𝐸1 +𝐸2 +𝐸3 + ...+𝐸𝑛 EffectiveEMFinparallel=samewithallotherbatteriesinparallel(usuallyofsamevoltage)PotentialDifference(P.D.):Workdonetodriveaunitchargethroughacomponentorinbetween2pointsinacircuit

CurrentRateofflowofElectricChargeConventionalcurrentflow:Frompositivetonegativeterminal(mostlyused)Electronflow:Fromnegativetopositiveterminal𝐼 = 𝑄𝑡I-Current(A)Q-Charge(Columb)(C)t-Timeinseconds(s) *Currentrating:Maximumcurrentaconductorcancarrywithoutoverheatingorbeingdamaged ResistanceAmeasureofhowdifficultitisforacurrenttoflowthroughacomponent𝑅 = 𝑉𝐼R-Resistance(Ohm)(Ω)V-Voltageacrosscomponent(V)I-Current(A) Ohm’slawCurrentinametallicconductorisdirectlyproportionaltoP.D.acrossconductor(LinearI-Vgraph,startfromorigin) Non-ohmicconductorsarenotlinearornotstartingfromtheorigin Ohmicconductors:Resistor Non-Ohmicconductors:FilamentBulb,SemiconductorDiode HeatingeffectofCurrentHeatisproducedwhencurrentflowsthroughacomponentHeatisbadasitcancauseelectroniccomponentstooverheatandbedamaged,energyisalsowasted Power:RateofEnergyconversionor𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉 𝑃 = 𝐸𝑡

Formulacanberearrangedto 𝑃 =𝐼 2 𝑅 or𝑃 = 𝑉 2 𝑅V-Voltageacrosscomponent(V)I-Current(A)R-Resistance(Ohm)(Ω)E-Amountofenergyconverted(J)t-Timeinseconds(s) Powerrating:Maximumpoweratwhichacomponentcanbeusedwithoutbeingdamaged*Pickpowerratingof2xthecalculatedvalue Ifpowerdissipatedis0.20W,pickresistorwith0.5Wpowerrating Energy𝐸 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡E-Amountofenergyconverted(J)V-Voltageacrosscomponent(V)I-Current(A)t-Timeinseconds(s) Energyefficency:ThepercentageofinputenergythatisconvertedtousefulenergyEfficiency=usefulpoweroutput/powerinputx100% Chapter3:Resistors Resistanceofaconductorisaffectedby4factors- Resistivityofmaterial- Lengthofconductor(Longerlength,higherresistance)- Cross-Sectionalareaofconductor(Largercross-sectionalarea,lesserresistance)- TemperatureFormula:𝑅 = ρ𝑙𝐴R-Resistance(Ohm)(Ω)P-Resistivityofmaterial(Ω m)l-Lengthofmaterial(m)A-Crosssectionalarea(m²)

Typesofresistors:Fixedresistors,Variableresistors Fixedresistors:Carbon,Wire-woundDifferences:Carbon Wire-wound Lowpowerapplications High-powerapplications Lowtemperaturestability Hightemperaturestability Typicalpow