h3 bio notes

SYLLABUS9816(2021) LEARNINGOUTCOMES1: TheCell andBiomoleculesof Life(a)Describehowthefluidmosaicmodelofthecellhasdevelopedtothecurrentunderstanding(b)Describethebasiccharacteristicsof(i)Prions(ii)Fungi(includingyeastsandfilamentousfungi)(iii)Protoctista(includingalgae)(c)Explainthefollowingtermsanddiscusstheextenttowhicheachconformstothecelltheory(i)Acellularity(includingprionsandviruses)(ii)Multinucleation(includinghyphaeoffilamentousfungi)(iii)Endosymbiosis(includingendosymbioticoriginofeukaryotes)(d)Justifytheneedforcelldifferentiationinmulticellularorganisms(e)Describeproteinbindingsitesandproteinsubunitsinproducinglargeproteinandglycoproteinmolecules(includinghaemoglobin,immunoglobulinandprokaryoticRNApolymerase)(f)Explain,withexamples,howproteinmodification(includingcleavage,phosphorylationandglycosylation)confernewcapabilities(g)Discussandexplainwhyproteinsareabletorecogniseandbindtohighlydiversemolecules,withreferencetothepropertiesandshapesoftheirsurfacesandcleftsthatallowhighlycomplementaryinteractions(h)Discusshowalivingcellregulatesthousandsofenzymes 2: GeneticsandInheritance(a)Discusshowmaturecellscanbereturnedtoastemcellstate(b)Explainthatgeneticengineeringinvolvestheinsertionofagene,obtainedeitherbysynthesisorbyextractionfromanorganism,intoanotherorganism(ofthesameordifferentspecies),suchthatthereceivingorganismexpressesthegeneproduct(c)Explaintherolesofrestrictionendonucleases,reversetranscriptaseandligasesingeneticengineering(d)OutlinetheproceduresforcloningaeukaryoticgeneinabacterialplasmidanddescribethepropertiesofplasmidsthatallowthemtobeusedasDNAcloningvectors(e)ExplainhoweukaryoticgenesareclonedusingE. colicellstoproduceeukaryoticproteins(f)Explainthestructureandrolesofribozymesandtheirpotentialroleingeneticengineering(includingnovelpeptidesynthesisandmodifications)(g)Evaluatethesignificanceofgeneticengineeringtotheworldandhumanity(includingfoodsustainabilityforarapidlygrowingpopulation,diseasetreatmentanddrugdesign)(h)Explainthatepigeneticsisaprocessthataffectstheexpressionofspecificgenes,withoutinvolvingachangeinDNAsequence(i)Discusshowepigeneticshascontributedtothestudyofgeneticsandheredity3: EnergyandEquilibrium(a)Explainhowtheanatomyandphysiologyof theleavesof C4plants, suchasmaize and sorghum, are adapted for high rates of carbon fixation at hightemperaturesintermsof(i)Thespatialseparationofinitialcarbonfixationfromthelight-dependentstage(biochemicaldetailsoftheC4pathwayarerequiredinoutlineonly) DO NOT MONETISE MY SHIT

(ii)Thehighoptimumtemperaturesoftheenzymesinvolved(b)DiscussandcomparetheimportanceinmitigatingglobalwarmingofphotosyntheticcarbonfixationbyC3plants,C4plants,CAMplantsandalgae,includingthoseinreef-buildingcorals(c)ExplainhowthephysiologyoftheleavesofCAMplantsisadaptedtoallowphotosynthesiswhileminimisingwaterlossbytranspiration,intermsof(i)Thetemporalseparationofinitialcarbonfixationfromthelight-dependentstage(biochemicaldetailsoftheCAMpathwayarerequiredinoutlineonly)(ii)Stomatalopeningduringthenight(d)E