Year 2 Geography notes

TopographicMap1. MapSymbols● MapSymbolsareeithernatural(physicalfeatures)andman-made(humanFeatures) 2. Directions● 4Maindirections-North,South,East,West● 4intermediatedirections-Northeast,Northwest,Southeast,Southwest● IntheNortheastquadrant-ThereistheNorthNorthEast,EastNorthEast,NorthEastshouldbethelast2wordsandtospecifywhereinthequadrantweneedtowriteEastorNorth.Applicabletotheotherquadrants. 3. GridReferences● 4and6figuregridreference.● Forthe4figuregrid,usetheNorthlingsvalueastheonebeforewherethepointis.SameappliesfortheEastlingsvalue.● Forthe6figuregridreference,thesameappliesasthe4figuregridreference.However, thethirddigitforeachofthe2setsofgridreferenceswillbeanestimateofwhereeachpointisinbetweenthegridreferences. 4. MeasuringDistances● Forstraightlines,usearuler● Forcurvedlines,useapieceofstring● Themeasurementswillbeincmbutitwillbenecessarytotransferittokm Senseof Place● Canoriginatefrommetalmaporatextgiven● Pointwillbewhethertheresenseofplaceisweakorstrong● Giveelaborationandevidence-- Fortexts/personalexperiences,quotefromthepassage- Fordrawingsgivedetailsofthedrawings.Noticefordifferentlyshapedbuildingswhichareunusual(etc.agapinthemiddleofasquarebuilding,compositefigure)andlabellingofplaces● Link:explainwhatfactorsinfluencesenseofplace1. Intensityofexperience2. Durationofvisits3. Frequencyofvisits4. Ageofpersonwhenvisiting● Valueofplacedoesnotmeanphysicalvalue,it'stheamountitmeanstosomeone

Howhassocietydevelopedandwhat dotheyneedtolive?● Societyhasdevelopedtotryandformsustainablecities● Developedeconomicallyandhuman- Economically-GDPpercapitaandeconomicstructure.Economicstructurereferstoprimary, secondaryandtertiaryemployment- Human- standardoflivingthrough1. Recreation2. Accesstocleanwater3. Sanitation4. Housing5. Transport6. education—->literacyrate7. healthcare—>lifeexpectancy● Peopleneednaturalresourcestolive- Thesupplyshouldbehigher/equaltodemand Housing● Acityisdefinedasanurbanareawithinacountry, Themajorityofthepopulationoftheearthlivesincities.Theyhave:1. Largepopulationsizes-populationsizesofbeingacityvariesfromcountrytocountry.2. Highpopulationdensity-Canbecalculatedusingnumberofppllivinginanareaoflanddividedbythelandarea3. Builtupareas-consistsofinfrastructureconsistingofwater, electricity,sanitation,telecommunicationsandtransport4. Rangeoffunctions-suchasadministrativefunctionsandcommercialandeducationalactivities● RelationshipbetweencitiesandruralAreas1. Rural-UrbanMigration- Basedonpushandpullfactors.- Pushfactorsarewhypeopleleavetheirplaceoforigin.Eg,Undesirablequalitiesofaplacelikewar, droughtorpoverty- Pullfactorsrefertothereasonswhypeoplegotocities.Eg.Jobopportunities,higherpay, education2. ProvisionofGoodsandServices- Citieshavealackofspacesotheyrelyonruralareasforagriculture.Ruralfarmerscanrearanimalsandgrowcropsinexchangeformoney, whichistheirincome.- Ruralpeoplecanbenefitfromthecityfromhealthcareandbuycertaingoodsonlyavailableincities.

● Opportunitiesforpeopleincities1. Educationandemployment- Citiesarecentresforlearning.,hometoavarietyofeducationalcentresforanyonetolearn.- Work-studyagreements2. Technologicaladvancements- Fundingfromthegovernmentsoresearcherscanexperimentwithnewideastomakepeople'sliveseasierandmorecomfortable.- Someexamplesarethroughshading,transport,vegetation,BuildingFacadesandwaterbodiessuchaslakes.● Challengesthatpeopleface1. Environmentalpollution- ALotoffossilfuelsarebeingconsumedduetocities2. Waterpollution- Duetoimpropermanagementofhouseholdandindustrialwaste3. Airpollution- Duetoburningoffossilfuels,thereisalotofairpollutionwhichcancauselungcancerandrespiratoryinfection.4. Competitionforresourcesoflandandwater- Duetoahighdemandbycitiesforresources,thereisacompetitionbetweencitiesfortheresources- Landresource- Citiesmayreplaceruralareasorforestsandfarmlandsforcitiestobuildmorehousesoramenities.- Waterresource-duetomorepeopleandtheaffluenceofpeople,thedemandforwaterincreased.Duetothelackofspacetobuildreservoirs,thesupplyforwaterisnotincreasingresultinginwaterbeingscarce.● Howcancitiesbesustainable1. Environmentalmanagement- Reducepeople’suseofthingswhichindirectlyharmtheenvironment2. Reducingairpollutionthroughlaws3. Managinghazards4. Usebetterqualitybuildingmaterial5. Landuseplanning- Controlswherehousingisbuiltinorderforittobesustainable● Improvequalityoflife1. Providessafehousing- BuiltHDBs,withoutthemtherewouldbeinformalhousing.2. Providesavarietyoftransportationmodes3. Consideringtheneedsofdifferentgroups-forpplwithdisabilities,rampsetc. Typesofhousing1. Formalhousing-- Builtbygovernmentsandprivatedevelopers- Legalrighttooccupyland

- Accesstobasicservices- High-qualitybuildingmaterials- Builtondesirableland2. Informalhousing-- Self-builtsquattersettlements- Nolegalrighttooccupyland- Lackofaccesstobasicservices- Onundesirableland Factorsaffectinghousing1. Landuseplanning2. Developers3. Landprices4. HousingFinancialsupport HowdoestheSingaporegovernmentbuildsustainablehousing?1. SettingupHDBin1960- Holisticapproachtosolvingtheissueandprovides80%ofhousingtothepublic.2. AmendmentoftheCentralprovidentFund(CPF)- TheCPFwasstartedbytheBritishtobeusedasasavingsaccount.However, astimegrew, theSIngaporegovernmentrealisedthatwithincreasinghouseprices,theCPFwillbenecessaryforpeopletobeabletoaffordhousing.Forexample,TheCPFcanbeusedtopaythemonthlypaymentforthehouseorcanbeusedtopayfor downpayment.Thisresultsinmoreaffordablehousingasmoneyfrompeople’ssavingscanbeusedtobuyhouses.3. Landacquisition- In1967,thegovernmentboughtbackallthelandinSingapore,leasingitbacktothepublicfor99years.Itusesthelandfornationaldevelopmentwhichisforhousing,commerce,transportandindustries.Thisresultsinthegovernmenthavingenoughresourcestobuildhouseswherethereisashortage.4. Providehousinggrantsandpriorityschemes- Housinggrant-moneytosubsidisepriceofhousingwherelow-incomehousingpeoplegetahighersubsidythanmiddle-incomehouseholdgetsalowersubsidy- Priorityschemes-Whengettinganewhouse,aballotingsystemisused.Marriedcouples,familieswithchildrenandfamilieswithchildrenandseniorshavemoreballotstoallowthemtogetthehouse.5. Keepingdevelopmentcostslow- Bykeepingthedevelopmentcostslow, thepriceforhouseswillbelowersomorepeoplewouldbeabletoaffordit.- OnewayisthroughBTOflats.

- BTOflats(buildtoorder)iswhenbeforeconstruction,privatedevelopersarehiredbythegovernmenttoplanthesitesandinfrastructure.Afterthatanapplicationformissentouttoseewhetherpeopleareinterestedinbuyingthehouse.Ifmorethan60%ofhousingspacesarefilledup,thenthehousewillbebuilt.Ifnot,theprojectwouldbeaborted.6. Differenttypesofhousingforpeoplewithdifferentneeds- Basedonincomeabilityandfamilyneedsi.e.,thesizeofthefamily.7. prefabrication- Wallsandstructuresarebuiltoffsiteandaremovedonsiteforassemblywhichisfasterandcheapertodo,makinghousingavailableandaffordable.- Therearestandarddesignsbyhiredarchitectstoreduceprofessionalcost- Byreducingthecostofbuilding,thehousewillbelistedforcheaperresultinginmoreaffordablehousing.8. Inclusivehousing- Forpeoplewithdifferentneeds- Children-2typesofplaygrounds,oneforyoungchildrenand1forchildrenbetweentheagesof7and12.Thereisalsoachildcarecentre.- Seniors-Fitnessfortheelderlyandseniorcarefacilities.- Disabilities-ramps,railsandbrailleonliftandground. Water● HydrologicalCycle1. Precipitation-rain2. Groundwater3. SurfaceRunoff4. Evaporation5. Transpiration6. Condensation Supplyshouldbeequaltodemandorhigher. Ifsupply(input)ishigherthandemand(output)afloodcanoccurIfdemand(output)islowerthansupply(input)adroughtcanoccur. Peopleusewater:1. Domestic2. Recreation3. Agriculture4. Industry

SustainableManagement:1. Improvingwaterquality2. Reducingwaterconsumption3. Improvingwatertechnologies4. Importingwater Israel● IssuesinIsrael- TheclimateisDryandHot,dueto60%oflandandlowprecipitation.- InsufficientWater-Demand>Supply- Demandishighasthereisagrowingpopulation,thepeopleareaffluent(willnotsavewaterastheycanaffordit)andthereiseconomicgrowthfromagriculture(primary)andIndustries(secondary)- Supplyislowastheclimateisaridwherethereislowprecipitationandfrequentdrought