S1 Geography Notes

Year 1GeographyChapter 1: IntroductiontogeographyChapter 3: Water anditsspatial distributionChapter 4: Management of water resourcesChapter 5: Distributionof rainforestsandmangrovesChapter 6: Management of tropical rainforestsandmangrovesOthers GeographyIntro●Physical geographyisthebranchof geographyfocusingonthestudyof thephysical environment●ThePhysical environment consistsof all livingandnonlivingthingsfoundnaturally, aswell asnatural processesandhas4components1. Atmosphere●Thisreferstothelayer of gasesandtinyparticlessurroundingtheearth,withexamplesincludingnitrogen,oxygenandcarbondioxide●Thisisfurther dividedinto5layers, troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,thermosphereandexosphere●Theconditionof atmosphereknownasweather includestemperature,humidity, andwind2. Hydrosphere●Referstoall water foundontheearthandintheatmosphere, whichincludeswater insolid,liquidandgaseousstates●TheHydrological cycleenableswater tomovecontinuouslybetweentheearth'ssurface, atmosphereandunderground3. Lithosphere●Thisreferstothesolidlayer of rockformingtheearth'ssurface, uptoafewhundredkminthickness●Magnificent landformssuchasmountainsarealsocreatedbymovement oflargelayersof rockinthelithosphere4. Biosphere●Thisreferstoall livingthingsonearth, includingplant andanimal lifefoundonlandandsea●It isalsodependent onother componentsof thephysicalenvironment ●For example, plant growthrequiressuitabletemperatureWhat is humanGeography?●It isthebranchof geographyinvolvingthestudyof humanlifeinthebuilt environment ●Thebuilt environment iscreatedthroughhumanmadechangestothephysical environment andit providessettingfor varietyofhumanactivities, withmanyaspectssuchashousingandtransportsystems1. Housing●Structures/buildingsdevelopedbypeopletoshelter themselvesfromthe

elements, whichcanbetemporaryor permanent●Anexampleof temporaryhousingisatent, whileanexampleofpermanent housingisHDBflats2. Transport systems●Equipment,infrastructureandnetworkssupportingmovement of peopleandgoods, suchaspublictransport andairportsGeographical concepts●Important ideausedtounderstandtheworld1. Space●Physical areaontheearth'ssurface●LocationisanideacloselyrelatedtoPlace●Expressedusingcoordinateswhicharebasedonlatitudeandlongitude●Locationof geographical featuresarrangedacrossanareainaparticularway, knownasspatial pattern, identifiedaslinear or cluster2. Place●Areaof theearth'ssurfaceholdingspecial meaningfor people, egmyclassroom●Spacecanbeplaceandviceversa●Placehasattachedmeaning, likeSingaporevBorkumor Maastricht3. Environment●Physical andbuilt environment andprocessesoccurringnaturally/result ofhumanaction●Geographersinterestedinstudyingtheinteractionsbetweenhumansandenvironment 4. Scale●Level of detail at whichgeographersstudysomething●3typesof scale, mapscale, timescaleandgeographicscale4a.Mapscale●Relationshipbetweenadistanceonamapandactual distanceontheground4b.Timescale●Periodof timeduringwhichsomethinghappens●Processesandchangesinenvironment occur at varietyof timescale4c.Geographic scale●Spatia