S1 LSS Notes

Year 1(IPProgramme) Lower SecondaryScienceNotes 1A-TheScientific Endeavor 8What isScience? 8Positiveattitudesinscience 8Thescientificmethod 8Designingafair experiment 8Labsafetyrules 9Basequantities 11Labapparatus 12Others 12BunsenBurner 12Toheat atest tubeusingbunsenburner 141B1 14Whyareaccuratemeasurementsimportant? 14Measurement of length 14Instrumentsfor measuringlength 14Metrerule 14Parallaxerror 14Measuringtape 15Internal callipers 15External callipers 15Digital Calipers 15Digital micrometrescrewgauge 151B2 15Measuringarea 15Findingareaof irregular 2Dplanesurfaces 161B3 16Measurement of volume 16Measuringvolumeof liquids 16Accuracywhenreadingvolumesof liquids 16Instrument for measuringvolumeof liquid 16Volumeof regularlyshapedsolidobjectsformula 16Measuringvolumeof small irregularlyshapedsolidthat sinks 17Measuringvolumeof largeirregularlyshapedsolidobjectsthat sinks17Measuringvol of small irregular shapedsolidthat floats 171B4 17Mass 17 1

Year 1(IPProgramme) Lower SecondaryScienceNotes Weight 17Density 181B5 18Pendulum 18Rate 181B6 18Distance 18Displacement 19Speed 19Velocity 19Ticker tapetimer 192ExploringDiversityof Matter byPhysical Properties 19Matter 19Classification 19Physical andChemical properties 20Physical andchemical changes 20Physical propertiesof materials 20Density 20Strength 20Hardness 20Flexibility 20Electrical conductivity 20Thermal conductivity 21MeltingandBoilingpoints 213-ExploringDiversityof Matter byitsChemical Composition 21Chemical symbolsof elements 22Compounds 22RepresentingCompoundswithChemical Formulae 22Mixtures 22Classifyingmixturesbyhowparticlesaredistributed 22Dierencebetweensolutionsandsuspensions 23Describingsolutions 23Factorsaectingsolubility 23Howdowemeasuresolubility 23Factorsthat aect rateof solubility 234. SeparationTechniques 24Solidliquidmixture 24Filtration 24 2

Year 1(IPProgramme) Lower SecondaryScienceNotes Evaporatetodryness 24Crystallisation 24Simpledistillation 25Solidsolidmixture 25Magneticattraction 25Sublimation 25Usingasuitablesolvent 25Separatingliquidliquidmixtures 26Usingseparatingfunnel 26Fractional Distillation 26Useof fractional distillationinindustry 26Paper chromatography 26Usesof chromatography 26Usingchromatogramstoidentifysubstances 27Howdowedeterminethepurityof substance? 275. Taxonomy 27Introduction 27Biodiversity 27What isTaxonomy? 27Whyclassify? 28Binomial systemof nomenclature 28Taxonomicgroups 28Kingdom 28Phylum(plural phyla) 28Class 28Order 29Family 29Genus(plural genera) 29Species 29DomainBacteria 29DomainArchaea 29DomainEukarya 29KingdomProtista 29KingdomFungi 30What aredecomposers 30KingdomPlantae 30KingdomAnimalia 306 30 3

Year 1(IPProgramme) Lower SecondaryScienceNotes Brief IntrotoCell Biology 31What areCells? 31What areOrganelles? 31Howcanweuseinstrumentstostudypart of thecell? 31Structuresof acell 31Nucleus 32Structureof DNA 32What isagene? 32Cytoplasm 32Cell surfacemembrane 32Vacuole 33Mitochondrion(plural mitochondria) 33Chloroplast 33Cell wall 33Endoplasmicreti