H2 Chem Notes 9729 - Google Docs
Uploaded by Abc123 · 29 May 2024
Preview
Text from the first pagesI. Mole Concept and Stoichiometry Pg 23 II. Atomic Structure Pg 46 III. Chem Bonding I Pg 711 IV. The Gaseous State Pg 12 V. Energetics Pg 1314 VI. Reaction Kinetics Pg 1519 VII. Dynamic Eqm Pg 20 VIII. Chem Bonding II Pg 21 IX. Intro to Organic Chem Pg 2225 X. Alkanes Pg 2627 XI. Alkenes Pg 2831 XII. Arenes Pg 3235 XIII. Periodicity I Pg 3638 XIV. AcidBase Eqm Pg 3941 Solubility Eqm Pg 42 XV. Halogen Derivatives Pg 4347 XVI. Hydroxy Cmpds Pg 4852 XVII. Carbonyl Cmpds Pg 5356 XVIII. Carboxylic & Derivatives Pg 5761 XIX. Nitrogen Derivatives Pg 6264 XX. Electrochemistry Pg 6568 XXI. Periodicity II Pg 69 XXII. Transition Metals Pg 7073 Qualitative Analysis Notes Pg 7477 1
I. Mole concept and Stoichiometry Relative atomic mass = mass of 1 atom 112 of the mass of 1 Carbon−12 atom/ Proton = 1u, Neutron = 1u, Electron = u1 1840 Mole = amt of substance which contains as many elementary entities as in 12 grams of carbon12 → 6.02 x particles1023 Empirical formula: simplest whole number ratio of the atoms in one formula unit of the compound. Molecular formula: actual number of atoms present in one formula unit of the compound. Percentage yield = x 100%actual yield theoretical yield Avogadro’s hypothesis: Equal volume of gases under the same conditions of temp & pressure contain same number of molecules. (except when molecules dimerise [see chapter III. Chem Bonding]) ( ^molar vol. can be found in data booklet!) Complete combustion of any hydrocarbon CxHy (g) + (x + ) (g) → xC (g) + O (l)4 y O2 O2 2 yH2 Strong acid/base = one that undergoes complete dissociation/ ionisation in aq. Soln Weak acid/ base = one that undergoes partial dissociation/ ionisation in aq. Soln → pH = lg[ ]H+ Type pH △ Indicator Strong acid Strong base 410 (screened) Methyl Orange, Methyl Orange, Phenolphthalein, Thymol Blue, Thymolphthalein Strong acid Weak base 3.56.5 (screened) Methyl Orange, Methyl Orange Weak acid Strong base 7.5 10.5 Phenolphthalein, Thymol Blue, Thymolphthalein Weak acid Weak base No marked △ Redox = Simultaneous reduction & oxidation → Loss/ gain of O2 → Loss/ gain of H 2
→ Loss/ gain of e− → in oxidation no. ↑/↓ OIL Oxidation = Loss of e− RIG Reduction = Gain in e− Total gained by reducing agentNe− = Total gained by oxidising agentNe− Total in ox. no. of one species ↑ = Total in ox. no. of another species ↓ Oxidation number assignment rules : 1. Ox. no. of atom in elemental state = 0 2. Ox. no. of H in all compounds = +1 (except in metal hydrides [e.g NaH]) 3. Ox. no. of fluorine in all compounds = 1 4. Ox. no. of oxygen = 2 (except peroxides = 1) ( except superoxides = )2 1 (except = +2)FO 2 5. More electronegative atom = ve ox. no. Less electronegative atom = +ve ox. no. 6. Monatomic ions: ox. no. = charge 7. Polyatomic ions: = chargendividual ox. no.∑ i 8. Uncharged compound: = 0ndividual ox. no.∑ i Note: In a covalent bond, ox. no. arises because the more electronegative atom gains both , but by a different extente− depending on electronegativity △ Disproportionation rxn: a species is simultaneously reduced & oxidized in the same rxn to form 2 different pdts. Balancing redox eqns in acidic medium 1. Construct the ox. & red. half eqns. 2. Balance the element oxidised/ reduced 3. Balance oxygen atoms (by adding molecules)OH2 4. Balance hydrogen atoms (by adding ions)H+ 5. Balance overall charge by adding e− In basic medium Repeat steps 15 as in acidic medium.. 6. Neutralise ions by adding required ions to both sidesH+ OH− 7. Combine ions and ions to form H+ OH− OH2 Precipitation rxn: 2 soln rxt to form a ppt of an insoluble salt. 3
II. Atomic Structure of deflection θ ~ | | mass charge | | Orbital → can accommodate 2 e− → has a distinctive geometrical shape → energy of orbital = energy of e− Geometry: s orbital: spherical, nondirectional p orbital: dumbbell, directional (along x, y, or z axis) d orbital: 4 lobed shape , ,px py pz , , dxz dxy dyz dx −y2 2 dz 2 Note: In the shell,nth → = Nsubshells n → = Norbitals n2 Aufbau principle: fill atomic orbitals of the lowest available energy levels before occupyinge− higher levels Pauli exclusion principle: each orbital can hold maximum of 2 , with opposite spinse− E.g Hund’s rule: orbitals of a subshell must be occupied singly by of parallel spins beforee− pairing to minimise inter electronic repulsion (except Cr and Cu, see chapter XXII. Transition Metals) Ground state: when orbitals of lowest available energy levels are occupied 4
Excited state: absorbs energy, promoted to higher energy level. Such atoms are unstable,e− can emit energy to return to the ground state. ● Formation of anions: added to the next lowest available orbital. ( occupy 4se− e− orbital first because energy level [ when both are still vacant ])s d4 <3 ● Formation of cations: removed from orbital with highest energy. (occupied 3de− orbital repels 4s orbital to higher energy level, taken from 4s first before 3d) (e− energy level)d s3 <4 Isoelectronic species = same Ne− Strength of electrostatic attraction: ● ( → greater distance btwn valence and nucleus → forces ofNelectronic shells ↑Nshells e− ↓ attraction) ● Size of nuclear charge ( → nuclear charge → forces of attraction) ↑Nprotons ↑ ↑ ● Shielding effect ( → shielding effect → forces of attraction) ↑Nshells ↑ ↓ Atomic radius: of shortest inter nuclear distance2 1 ● Atomic radius across period ( nuclear charge→ attraction → ) ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓ize of e cloud s − ● Atomic radius down group ( → attraction → ) ↑ ↑N shells ↓ ↑ize of e cloud s − Ionisation energy: energy req to remove from atom [for more accurate definition seee− chapter V. Energetics] ● Endothermic ● I.E across period ( nuclear charge→ attraction→ I.E ) ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ● I.E down group ( → attraction → I.E ) ↓ ↑Nshells ↓ ↓ Irregularity Grp 2 &13 Irregularity Grp 15 & 16 1st I.E of , (3p highereB<B l g A<M e− energy than 3s )e− 1st I.E of , (3p are paired,O<N S<P e− thus interelectronic repulsion → higher energy level → I.E ↓ ● Successive I.E ( removal of from an increasingly positively
Content continues in the PDF. Download PDF
Related notes
- RI 2012 A-Level H2 Chemistry Change to Qn PaperTYS Answers · 2012
- RI 2012 A-Level H2 Chemistry SolutionsTYS Answers · 2012
- RI 2011 A-Level H2 Chemistry Change to Qn PaperTYS Answers · 2011
- RI 2011 A-Level H2 Chemistry SolutionsTYS Answers · 2011
- RI 2010 A-Level H2 Chemistry Change to Qn PaperTYS Answers · 2010
- RI 2010 A-Level H2 Chemistry SolutionsTYS Answers · 2010
- RI 2009 A-Level H2 Chemistry Change to Qn PaperTYS Answers · 2009
- RI 2009 A-Level H2 Chemistry SolutionsTYS Answers · 2009
- RI 2008 A-Level H2 Chemistry Change to Qn PaperTYS Answers · 2008
- RI 2008 A-Level H2 Chemistry SolutionsTYS Answers · 2008
- HCI 2026 H2 Chemistry Prelim P4 QPExam Papers · 2026
- HCI 2026 H2 Chemistry Prelim P4 Mark SchemeExam Papers · 2026
- See all H2 Chemistry notes

