2022-ks-bull-issue-1
Uploaded by KSKS · 28 September 2024
Preview
Text from the first pagesThe views expressed in each essay are purely for the academic purposes of crafting a viable argumentative response. They do not necessarily reflect the personal opinions of any student or staff member, nor do they necessarily represent the perspective(s) of Raffles Institution. No portion of this collection may be reproduced or shared for any reason and by any means whatsoever. Note: The comments that follow each student response include both markers’ and editors’ comments.
KS Bull 2022 | Issue 1 © Raffles Institution Unauthorised copying, sharing & distribution prohibited 2 CONTENTS 2021 Year 6 GP Prelim | Paper 1 Should we be concerned with the ethics of medical research when doing so will limit its effectiveness? 1 Cai Sirui | 21S06A 5 How far do you agree that good governance is key to the protection of the environment? 2 Chua Yu'en Chloe | 21S03D 8 ‘Art is only worth what people will pay for it.’ Do you agree? 3 Andrew Tang Zhonghan | 21S06N 11 4 Nabonita Sen | 21S06Q 14 5 Mahima Srinidhi Hari | 21S06S 17 Is modern technology a benefit or threat to our safety? 6 Althea Tan Sze Rui | 21S06I 20 7 Yang Dexin | 21S06Q 23 2021 Year 6 GP Prelim | Paper 2 8 Passage: “Overparenting” 26 9 AQ Response Mahima Srinidhi Hari | 21S06S 29
KS Bull 2022 | Issue 1 © Raffles Institution Unauthorised copying, sharing & distribution prohibited 3 2021 Year 6 KI Prelim | Paper 1 ‘I can claim to know something as long as it was produced by a reliable process.’ Discuss. 10 Keane Wong Wenbin | 21S06F 31 ‘Knowledge construction is inevitably limited by the inquirer.’ Discuss with reference to any two areas of knowledge. 11 Guan En Yong, Justinian | 21S03F 34 2021 Year 6 KI Prelim | Paper 2 | Question 2 12 Passage: “Meat Consumption” 38 Responses 13 Ong Ni Qi, Nicole | 21A13A 39 14 Richelle Jiayi Prakashan | 21S03F 41 2021 Year 5 GP Promo | Paper 1 ‘Technology is the key to reducing inequality.’ How far do you agree? 15 Rayner Chew | 22A01B 43 ‘City living is no longer attractive.’ How true is this? 16 Phang Wei Shuen Gerald | 22S06R 46 How far should scientific research be driven by commercial interests? 17 Loretta Lye Mun Yan | 22A01B 49 18 Ayush Jayakrishnan | 22S03D 53
KS Bull 2022 | Issue 1 © Raffles Institution Unauthorised copying, sharing & distribution prohibited 4 2021 Year 5 GP Promo | Paper 2 19 Passage: “Job Enmeshment” 57 AQ Responses 20 Lara Tan Rui‐Qi | 22A01B 59 21 Ong Cheng Tai, Nathan | 22A01B 61 2022 Year 6 GP TP | Paper 1 ‘State censorship of the media is no longer necessary today.’ What is your view? 22 Tan Shian En | 22S03K 63 Consider the view that we are moving further away from, rather than moving closer to, achieving gender equality. 23 Faith Hailey Toh | 22S06R 67 Is there a place for social media beyond entertainment? 24 Owen Chau Zhi Hui | 22S03J 72 25 Aloysius Wong Zhi Hong | 22S06J 75 The solution to global hunger is simply about providing more food. How far do you agree? 26 Qiu Yahan, Olivia | 22S06R 78 Editorial Team 81
KS Bull 2022 | Issue 1 © Raffles Institution Unauthorised copying, sharing & distribution prohibited 5 1 2021 | Y6 | GP Prelim | Paper 1 | Question 5 Cai Sirui | 21S06A Should we be concerned with the ethics of medical research when doing so will limit its effectiveness? The Nuremberg Code, created at the Nuremberg trials in response to the Nazi’s misadventures in human experimentation, was an unprecedented code outlining the ethical limits of research methods, and a nod to the necessity of paying heed to the ethical implications of scientific research. However, in the medical realm especially, where greater accuracy and expediency in the research process has the potential to bring about huge gains for the preservation of human health, ethical considerations may often be viewed as an unwanted hindrance, standing in the way of us being able to reap the benefits of medical research most effectively. In spite of this, I remain of the view that we should – and must – concern ourselves with the ethics of medical research, on the grounds that we have a moral imperative to safeguard the unalienable rights of man, and further, that keeping ethical concerns in the foreground is the only way to ensure that our medical research is effective towards desirable ends. Detractors of the stand would likely seek to defend their view from a utilitarian standpoint: in the absence of ethical concerns as an impediment, medical research can be taken to greater heights, the benefits of which would bring about greater utility to a greater number of people by benefiting their health. Given that health issues are extremely time sensitive and directly affect one’s well‐being, being able to reach medical breakthroughs quickly would bring about far‐reaching benefits to a great many people, and it seems counterproductive for ethical concerns to stand in the way of that. It is worth noting that many of the vaccines that we enjoy the protection of today were developed with the aid of ethically questionable practices, such as human experimentation. In comparison to more ethically acceptable testing methods, doing medical experimentation on humans has obvious benefits for the accuracy of the data obtained and thus the efficacy of the research procedure; one need not account for the great many physiological differences between the test subject and the intended benefactors of the research. The development of the Hepatitis B vaccine in 1980 did, indeed, benefit from this: researchers injected the virus into a group of students, then used their observations of the virus’ effect to inform their development of the vaccine. Had ethical considerations come in the way of this practice, the vaccine might have taken much longer to develop. Seeing that many cases of the disease were prevented by the expedient development of the vaccine, it seems that there is a clear case to be made for the undesirability of ethical limitations when it comes to medical research. However, I would contend that in spite of the apparent trade‐off coming at the expense of its effectiveness, ensuring the ethics of medical research remains paramount because
KS Bull 2022 | Issue 1 © Raffles Institution Unauthorised copying, sharing & distribution prohibited 6 of our moral duty to protect certain unalienable rights belonging to all humans. From the starting point that all humans are beings of reason, Kant proffers his categorical imperative as a moral framework: that no person should be used as a means to an end, however desirable the “end” is. If we accept that all persons are deserving of certain fundamental rights and human dignity, as we rightly should, then Kant’s moral theory is much more convincing that the utilitarian argument outlined earlier on, especially in the context of medical research. Even with the knowledge that we are benefactors of certain vaccines, it is difficult not to be deeply unsettled by the prospect that they were developed through ethically unsound methods. In the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, a number of Blacks in Alabama were unknowingly injected with the virus, and were deliberately withheld treatment after it became available so that scientists could observe the behaviour of the syphilis virus in humans. Granted, the observations may not have been as informative had the experiment been done on non‐human test species, but compromising the health of real people without their consent is deeply problematic from a moral point of view, and a severe infringement of basic human rights. Furthermore, unethical practices in medical research like human experimentation tend to involv
Content continues in the PDF. Download PDF
Related notes
- JPJC GP P2 Skills Package 2026_ver7.7.docxNotes/Practices · 2026
- 2024 ACJC Prelim P1Exam Papers · 2024
- 2025 YIJC Prelim P2Exam Papers · 2025
- 2025 VJC Prelim P1Exam Papers · 2025
- 2025 VJC Prelim P2Exam Papers · 2025
- DHS 2025 International Relations P1Notes/Practices · 2025
- 2024 RI Y5 GP Promotion Exam_P2_InsertExam Papers · 2024
- 2024 RI Y5 GP Promotion Exam_P2_Answer BookletExam Papers · 2024
- 2024 RI Y5 GP Promo P2 Answer SchemeExam Papers · 2024
- RI 2024 Y6 Prelim P2_InsertExam Papers · 2024
- RI 2024 Y6 Prelim P2 Answer BookletExam Papers · 2024
- RI 2024 Y6 GP Prelim P2_Suggested Ans SchemeExam Papers · 2024
- See all H1 General Paper notes

