chem notes 'N'

Rebekah’sChistryNotes CONTENTPAGE: 1.Importantskills:chemicalformulaeandequations----------------------------2-7 2.Experimentalchemistry—---------------------------------------------------------8-20 3.KineticParticleTheory------------------------------------------------------------21-25 4.Atomicstructure--------------------------------------------------------------------26-29 5.Chemicalbondingandstructurepropertiesofmaterials-----------------30-37 6.Themoleconceptandstoichiometry------------------------------------------38-40 7.Acidsandbases--------------------------------------------------------------------41-48 8.Maintainingairquality-------------------------------------------------------------49-52 9.Theperiodictable------------------------------------------------------------------53-56 10.Thereactivityseries-------------------------------------------------------------57-62 11.Fuelsandcrudeoils-------------------------------------------------------------63-77 1

IMPORTANTSKILLS:CHEMICALFORMULAEANDEQUATIONS SkillA:DEDUCINGCHEMICALFORMULAE 1.Determiningvalencyofelements ValencyfromGroupnumbers: -towritethechemicalformulaofacompound,wemustknowthevalencyof theelementsorpolyatomicionsinvolved -valencyfromgroupnumberintheperiodictable Groupnumberin theperiodictable ExampleofelementValency 1 Li,Na 1 2 Be,Mg 2 13 B,Al 3 14 C,Si 4 15 N,P 5 16 O,S 6 17 F,Cl,Br,I 7 ValencyfromRomanNumerals -transitionmetallicelementshavevariablevalencies. -therefore,theirvalenciesareindicatedbyaRomannumeralinthebracket Romannumeralvalency copper(ll) 2 Iron(lll) 3 lead(lV) 4 Manganese(Vl)6 2

ValencyofPolyatomicIons -thereareradicalswhichconsistofagroupofatomsaspolyatomicions Commonpolyatomicions PositiveValencyNegativeValency Ammoniumion ,NH₄⁺ 1 Nitrateion,NO₃⁻1 Hydroxide ion,OH⁻ 1 Carbonate ion,CO₃²⁻ 2 Sulfateion,SO₄²⁻2 Phosphate ion,PO₄³⁻ 3 Methodstodeducechemicalformulas 1.writetherespectivevalencyandcriss-cross 2.ifthevalencyisequal,noneedtocriss-cross,justwriteouttheformula 3.ifanumberusrequiredforpolyatomicions,abracketmustbeused 4.reducetheratiobyacommonfactorifpossible 3

2.Namingchemicalsubstances NamingIonicCompound -whennaminganioniccompoundcontainingtwoelements: —metallicelementcomesbeforenon-metallicelement —non-metallicelementsendwith‘ide’ ElementsinanioniccompoundChemicalname Calcium,chlorine Calciumchloride (metal)(non-metal) Iodine,lithium Lithiumiodide (metal)(non-metal) Magnesium,oxygen Magnesiumoxide (metal)(non-metal) Sulfur,potassium Potassiumsulfide (metal)(non-metal) -inanioniccompoundwhichcontainsatransitionmetal,aRomannumeral inabracketisgenerallyassignedtoindicateitsvalency -Eg: —iron(ll)oxideandiron(lll)oxide —copper(l)oxideandcopper(ll)oxide —lead(ll)oxideandlead(lV)oxide -polyatomicionwillnotchangeitsnameaftercombiningwithother elements -Eg: —sodiumcarbonate —potassiumsulfate Namingcovalentcompound Whennamingacovalentcompound: -thefirstelementnameremainsunchanged -thesecondelementnameendswith‘ide’ -ifnecessaryaprefixisusedforthesecondelement