2016 TYS Answers (ThatBioTutor)

Credit:WrittenbythecollectiveeffortofourtutorsatThatBioTutor. Youarewelcometosharethesewithanyoneyou’dlike!Justdon’tsellthemforprofit:) TYSAnswers2016(ThatBioTutorEdition) IMPTNOTE:- Fordifferencesbetween2023and2024syllabus,seethislisthere.- *Shadedblack=outofsyllabusfrom2024onwards Question Ans Question Ans1 D 21 D2 A 22* D3 D 23 C4 D 24 D5 A 25 C6 B 26 D7 B 27 B8 B 28 D9 C 29 C10 D 30 B11 A 31 C12 B 32 C13 C 33 D14 C 34 A15 C 35 A16 B 36 C17 B 37 A18 C 38 C19 B 39 C20 C 40 B *Q22:Structure4,hairerectormuscle,istheonlypartofthisquestionthatisoutofsyllabus. Stillwantmore?www.thatbiotutor.com- www.instagram.com/thatbiotutor/-www.youtube.com/@thatbiotutor- www.tiktok.com/@thatbiotutor

Credit:WrittenbythecollectiveeffortofourtutorsatThatBioTutor. Youarewelcometosharethesewithanyoneyou’dlike!Justdon’tsellthemforprofit:) Q1.(a)● A:Fibrinthread● B:Redbloodcell (b)● Whenbloodvesselsaredamaged,plateletsanddamagedtissuesreleaseThrombokinase.● ThrombokinaseconvertsProthrombintoThrombin,inthepresenceofCalciumions.● ThrombinthenconvertsFibrinogentoFibrin,forminglonginsolubleFibrinthreads,whichtrapredbloodcells,formingaclotatthesiteofinjury.● Whenbloodvesselsaredamaged,plateletsareactivated,whichtriggertheconversionofsolublefibrinogenintoinsolubleFibrin,● ForminglonginsolubleFibrinthreadswhichtrapredbloodcells,formingaclotatthesiteofinjury. (c)● Theblockagepreventsbloodcarryingoxygenandnutrientssuchasglucosetothebraincells,● Braincellscannotundergoaerobicrespirationtoreleaseenergyforcellularactivitieshencedie,● Resultinginastroke. Stillwantmore?www.thatbiotutor.com- www.instagram.com/thatbiotutor/-www.youtube.com/@thatbiotutor- www.tiktok.com/@thatbiotutor

Credit:WrittenbythecollectiveeffortofourtutorsatThatBioTutor. Youarewelcometosharethesewithanyoneyou’dlike!Justdon’tsellthemforprofit:) Q2.(a)● Row1:Salivaryamylase● Row3:Shortpolypeptides● Row4:Smallintestine/pancreas (b)● Mouth:B.IthashighestrateofactivityatpH7,hencethatisitsoptimumpH,● AndthemouthhaspHof7,hencethisenzymewouldlikelybefoundthere. ● Stomach:A.IthashighestrateofactivityatpH2,hencethatisitsoptimumpH,● AndthestomachhaspHof2duetothehydrochloricacidthatissecretedthere. Q3.(a)● Asuddenchangeinthestructureofageneorchromosomenumber. (b)(i) ● 1:dd● 2:Dd (ii)● 3:Pp● 4:pp (iii)● 50% Stillwantmore?www.thatbiotutor.com- www.instagram.com/thatbiotutor/-www.youtube.com/@thatbiotutor- www.tiktok.com/@thatbiotutor

Credit:WrittenbythecollectiveeffortofourtutorsatThatBioTutor. Youarewelcometosharethesewithanyoneyou’dlike!Justdon’tsellthemforprofit:) Q4.(a)(i) ● Roothairs (ii)● Theyassisttheroothaircellsinabsorbingwaterviaosmosisandmineralsaltsviaactivetransport,● fromthesurroundingsoiltothecellsapofroothaircells. (iii)● Theroothairsarelong,elongatedprotrusions,increasingthesurfaceareatovolumeratioofroothaircells,● Henceincreasingtheabsorptionofwaterandmineralsaltsfromthesoilintotheircellsap. (b)● Name:Xylem● Function:Ittransportswaterandmineralsaltsthathavebeenabsorbedattherootsupwardstotheleaves. Stillwantmore?www.thatbiotutor.com- www.instagram.com/thatbiotutor/-www.youtube.com/@thatbiotutor- www.tiktok.com/@thatbiotutor

Credit:WrittenbythecollectiveeffortofourtutorsatThatBioTutor. Youarewelcometosharethesewithanyoneyou’dlike!Justdon’tsellthemforprofit:) Q5.(a)(i) ● A:Mitochondrion● B:SmoothEndoplasmicReticulum (ii)● Itisthesiteofaerobicrespiration,whereglucoseisoxidisedintocarbondioxideandwater,releasingenergywhichisusedforcellularactivities. (b)● Aplantcellhaschloroplastswhiletheanimalcellabovedoesnot.● Aplantcellhas1largecentralvacuole,whiletheanimalcellhasmanysmallvacuoles.● Aplantcellhasacellwallwhiletheanimalcelldoesnot. Stillwantmore?www.thatbiotutor.com- www.instagram.com/thatbiotutor/-www.youtube.com/@thatbiotutor- www.tiktok.com/@thatbiotutor

Credit:WrittenbythecollectiveeffortofourtutorsatThatBioTutor. Youarewelcometosharethesewithanyoneyou’dlike!Justdon’tsellthemforprofit:) Q6.● 1:Fruitbats● 2:Bananaplants 1starrow:Macaws→Pythons2ndarrow:Bananaplants→Monkeys (b)● Trophiclevelisthefeedingpositionthatanorganismoccupiesinafoodchain.● Forexample,orchids,seeds,bananaplantsandbambooplantsareproducersinthefirsttrophiclevel.Theyarefedonbymacaws,fruitbatsandmonkeys,whicharetheprimaryconsumerswhooccupythesecondtrophiclevel. (c)Choose2:● Energyislostasheattothesurroundingsduetocellularrespiration.● Chemicalenergyisalsotrappedwithincarboncompoundsinundigestedfoodwastethatisegested,andinexcretedsubstancessuchasurine.● Whenanorganismdies,chemicalenergyisalsotrappedintheuneatenparts,suchasitsbones. (d) Stillwantmore?www.thatbiotutor.com- www.instagram.com/thatbiotutor/-www.youtube.com/@thatbiotutor- www.tiktok.com/@thatbiotutor

Credit:WrittenbythecollectiveeffortofourtutorsatThatBioTutor. Youarewelcometosharethesewithanyoneyou’dlike!Justdon’tsellthemforprofit:) Q7.(a)(i) ● AsconcentrationofADHinbloodplasmaincreases,urineconcentrationincreases.● ADHreacheskidneynephrons,causingcollectingductstobecomemorepermeabletowater,● Morewaterisreabsorbedfromfiltratetotheblood,henceincreasingurineconcentration. (ii)● AsconcentrationofADHinbloodplasmaincreases,rateofflowofurinethroughtheureterdecreases. (b)● Vigorousexerciseleadstoalotofsweating,hencethebodyloseswaterandwaterpotentialdecreasesbelownormal.● Osmoreceptorsinthehypothalamusdetectthis,andsendnerveimpulsestotriggerthepituitaryglandtoreleasemoreADHintothebloodtoconservewater,henceADHconcentrationincreases. Stillwantmore?www.thatbiotutor.com- www.instagram.com/thatbiotutor/-www.youtube.com/@thatbiotutor- www.tiktok.com/@thatbiotutor

Credit:WrittenbythecollectiveeffortofourtutorsatThatBioTutor. Youarewelcometosharethesewithanyoneyou’dlike!Justdon’tsellthemforprofit:) Q8.(a)● Hackberry:12.8/16=0.8● Redoak:1.0x16=16.0 (b) (c)● Measuretheheightofthetreeeachyear,andobtaingrowthrateeachyearbycalculatingtheincreaseinheightfromthepreviousyear. (d)● Lightisneededforphotosynthesis,whereglucosewillbeformedandusedtobuildnewcellpartssuchasthecellulosecellwallsforthegrowthoftrees.● Innaturalenvironments,sunlightisonlyavailableduringdaytimeandabsentatnight,hencelightsignificantlylimitsthegrowthoftrees. (e)Choose2:● Concentrationofcarbondioxideintheair● Temperature● Availabilityofmineralsaltsinthesoil Stillwantmore?www.thatbiotutor.com- www.instagram.com/thatbiotutor/-www.youtube.com/@thatbiotutor- www.tiktok.com/@thatbiotutor

Credit:WrittenbythecollectiveeffortofourtutorsatThatBioTutor. Youarewelcometosharethesewithanyoneyou’dlike!Justdon’tsellthemforprofit:) Q9.(a)● Excessaminoacidsarebrokendownintoureaattheliverviadeamination,● Ureaexitstheliverandistransportedtothekidneys.● Ureaisforcedoutoftheglomerulusatkidneynephronsintothebowman’scapsule,● Andbecomespartofurine,whichcollectsinthebladder,● Whichisexcretedfromthebodyviatheurethra. (b) ● Carbondioxide(CO2 )diffusesfromcellsintothetissuefluid,thenintocapillaries.● CO2 diffusesintoaredbloodcell,carbonicanhydrasecombinesitwithwater, formingcarbonicacid.● CarbonicaciddissociatesintoaH+ionandabicarbonateion,whichdiffusesoutofthecellandiscarriedinthebloodplasmatothelungs.● Atthelungs,thereverseprocessoccurs,bicarbonateionsareconvertedbacktoCO2 ,whichdiffusesfrombloodintoalveoliairspacesandisexhaled. Stillwantmore?www.thatbiotutor.com- www.instagram.com/thatbiotutor/-www.youtube.com/@thatbiotutor- www.tiktok.com/@thatbiotutor

Credit:WrittenbythecollectiveeffortofourtutorsatThatBioTutor. Youarewelcometosharethesewithanyoneyou’dlike!Justdon’tsellthemforprofit:) EitherQ10. (a)Choosetotal5points:● Inbothaerobicandanerobicrespiration,glucoseisbrokendownintosmallermolecules.● Inbothaerobicandanerobicrespiration,energyisreleasedwhichisusedforcellularactivities● Bothaerobicandanerobicrespirationareusedduringvigorousexerciseformuscularcontractions ● Aerobicrespirationusesoxygenasareactant,whileanaerobicrespirationdoesnotrequireoxygen.● Aerobicrespirationreleasesalargeamountofenergy,whileanaerobicrespirationreleasesasmallamountofenergy.● Aerobicrespirationproducescarbondioxideandwater,whileanaerobicrespirationdoesnot,insteadproduceslac