RI Y3_Physics_Notes__EOY_

Physics Notes (RP) - EOY Topics 1) Measurements -------------------------------------------------- 2-4 2) Kinematics ------------------------------------------------------ 5-6 3) Scalars & Vectors ---------------------------------------------- 7-8 4) Dynamics 1 ---------------------------------------------------- 9-11 5) Dynamics 2 -------------------------------------------------- 11-13 6) Work, Energy & Power ------------------------------------ 14-15 7) EM Spectrum ------------------------------------------------ 16-17 8) Waves --------------------------------------------------------- 18-19 9) Sound -------------------------------------------------------------- 20 10) Pressure ------------------------------------------------------ 21-22 11) Kinetic Model of Matter ----------------------------------- 23-24 12) Temperature ------------------------------------------------ 25-26 13) Thermal Properties of Matter --------------------------- 26-27

2 Measurements 1.1 Accuracy vs. Precision ACCURACY PRECISION Closeness to the actual value Reproducibility Based on a measurement’s true value Not based on a measurement’s true value Can be derived from one reading Has to be derived from multiple readings • Measurement is usually recorded to smallest half division of smallest scale of instrument (e.g. thermometer, measuring cylinder) • When measurements involve intervals, record to smallest division (e.g. metre rule, protractor) 1.2 Units SI DERIVED UNITS Quantity Common units Derived unit Volume m3 m3 Density kg m-3 kg m-3 Acceleration m s-2 m s-2 Force kg m s-2 Newton (N) Work done kg m2 s-2 Joule (J) SI PREFIXES Prefix Symbol Multiply by giga- G x1,000,000,000 mega- M x1,000,000 kilo- k x1,000 deci- d ÷10 centi- c ÷100 milli- m ÷1,000 micro- u ÷1,000,000 nano- n ÷1,000,000,000

3 1.3 S.F & D.P Addition & Subtraction – least decimal place of a term e.g. 0.04529 + 0.0028 = 0.0481 (actual: 0.04809) 5 d.p + 4 d.p = 4 dp Multiplication & Division – least significant figure of a term e.g. 0.93 ÷ 0.07837 = 12 (actual: 11.86678576) 2 s.f ÷ 4 s.f = 2 s.f Combined – find d.p first, then overall s.f e.g. !".!!"!!".!"!".!!"=!.!"!".!!"=0.0007 (1.𝑠.𝑓) 1.4 Measuring Instruments Vernier Calipers • Correct to 0.01cm 10cm + 0.02cm = 10.02cm • When no object is being measured o Lower jaw slightly to left – negative zero error o Lower jaw slightly to right – positive zero error Observed reading – Zero error = Corrected reading e.g. 2.64cm – (-0.02cm) = 2.66cm

4 Micrometer Screw Gauge • Place object between anvil & spindle • Turn ratchet until 2-3 clicks heard o correct pressure o any further turning results in inaccurate reading • Smallest division = 0.01mm • Every horizontal interval is 0.5mm 2.5mm + 0.38mm = 2.88mm • When no object is being measured o Re