H2 Physics 9749 - Notes for all chapters A4 SGexams ver

H2 Physics Syllabus 9749 Revision notes Last updated: 16 February 2020 Master copy Marcus Soh 2018-2019 Victoria Junior College “The only limits you have are the limits you believe.” Wayne Dyer

Page 2 Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 3 Conventions .......................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurements ............................................................... 4 Chapter 2: Errors and Uncertainties ...................................................................................... 5 Chapter 3: Kinematics ........................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 4: Forces ............................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 5: Dynamics........................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 6: Work, Energy, Power ......................................................................................... 18 Chapter 7: Motion in a Circle ............................................................................................... 21 Chapter 8: Gravitational Field .............................................................................................. 23 Chapter 9: Temperature and Ideal Gases ........................................................................... 27 Chapter 10: Thermodynamics ............................................................................................. 32 Chapter 11: Oscillations ...................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 12: Wave Motion ................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 13: Superposition .................................................................................................. 47 Chapter 14: Current of Electricity ........................................................................................ 54 Chapter 15: Electric Fields .................................................................................................. 58 Chapter 16: D.C. Circuits .................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 17: Electromagnetism ............................................................................................ 67 Chapter 18: Electromagnetic Induction ............................................................................... 75 Chapter 19: Alternating Current .......................................................................................... 81 Chapter 20: Quantum Physics 1 ......................................................................................... 88 Chapter 21: Quantum Physics 2 ......................................................................................... 96 Chapter 22: Nuclear Physics 1 .......................................................................................... 104 Chapter 23: Nuclear Physics 2 .......................................................................................... 110 Annex 1: Mind maps ......................................................................................................... 117 Annex 2: Formula list ........................................................................................................ 140 Annex 3: Definitions .......................................................................................................... 146 Annex 4: Summary of Key Quantities, Symbols and Units ................................................ 156 Annex 5: Data and Formulae as given in Examinations .................................................... 158

Page 3 Acknowledgements For providing the original lecture notes (in no particular order) Mr. Julius Chan Mr. Caleb Ho Mr. Kwek Eng Yeow Ms. Cai Xirui Ms. Khaw Hwee Ju Dr. Goh Ker Liang Mr. Jayesh Kumar For helping me with making the notes Ivan Lee Iris Tan For vetting through Ms. Khaw Hwee Ju Kay Yeo Ivan Lee Thanks to my class of 18S41 for pointing out errors where they were made. Certain images were made using the online tool https://www.draw.io. Conventions Every definition that should be memorised will be highlighted in green. Every formula that accompanies a definition and / or should be memorised will be highlighted in yellow. Where applicable, content not in syllabus is boxed up with the heading “EXTRA!”. Disclaimer Although I have tried to ensure that everything in these notes are factually correct, some errors may arise. In which case, please send an email to: marcussoh38@gmail.com with the details of the error, with “H2PHYE” as the subject. These notes are free to distribute, however please credit me if you do. I appreciate your honesty.

Page 4 Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurements 1 Quantities Base quantities (units in brackets): mass (kg), length (m), time (s), current (A), temperature (K), amount of substance (mol) Common derived quantities: force (N or kgms−2), work (J or kgm2s−2), power (W or kgm2s−3) 2 Homogeneity A physical equation is homogeneous if every term in the equation has the same units. 3 Measurements Prefixes: 10 12: tera- (T) 109: giga- (G) 106: mega- (M) 103: kilo- (k) 10−1: deci- (d) 10−2: centi- (c) 10−3: milli- (m) 10−6: micro- (μ) 10−9: nano- (n) 10−12: pico- (p) Common measurements: Radius of the earth: 6.4 × 106 m Thickness of paper: 1 × 10−4 m Diameter of H atom: 1 × 10−10m Length of football field: 1 × 102 m Mass of basketball: 0.60 kg 4 Conversions e.g. 10 cm3 to m3: 10 cm3 = 10 × ( 10−2)3 m3 = 10 × 10−6 m3 e.g. 50 kmh−1 to ms−1: 50 kmh−1 = 50 km 1 h = 50 × 103 m 60 × 60 s = (50 ÷ 3.6)ms−1 5 Vectors and Scalars Vectors: magnitude + direction Note: area is a vector whose direction is perpendicular (normal) to its surface 6 Vector manipulation To find the resultant vector, For a right-angled triangle, use Pythagoras’ Theorem (𝐴𝐴2 + 𝐵𝐵2 = 𝑅𝑅2) For a non-right-angled triangle, use cosine rule (𝑅𝑅 = √𝐴𝐴2 + 𝐵𝐵2 + 2𝐴𝐴𝐵𝐵 cos 𝜃𝜃) Vector subtraction: 𝒂𝒂 – 𝒃𝒃 = 𝒂𝒂 + (−𝒃𝒃) Vector resolution: resolve vector into 2 mutually perpendicular components (|𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥| = |𝑏𝑏| cos 𝜃𝜃 , �𝑏𝑏𝑦𝑦� = |𝑏𝑏| sin 𝜃𝜃)

Page 5 Chapter 2: Errors and Uncertainties 1 Systematic errors Systematic errors are errors of measurements that occur according to some ‘fixed rule or pattern’ such that they yield a consistent overestimation or underestimation of the true value. The error is systematic if (1) repeated measurements taken under the same conditions yield the same error in magnitude and sign or if (2) its value changes in a predictable manner based on the surroundings. e.g. zero error, faulty instruments, wrong assumptions, wrong experimental technique Systematic errors are NOT reducible by taking the average. Instead, the error can be removed by calibrating instruments or by changing the experimental technique. 2 Random errors Random errors are errors with different magnitudes and signs in repeated measurements. They occur due to the inability to obtain the true value of the measured quantity. The error may be random due to (1) variation in the condition of measuring instruments, (2) variation due to the inability of an observer to measure small intervals, (3) variation due to fluctuating external conditions, or (4) irregularity of a quantity to be measured. e.g. human reaction time, parallax error Random errors are reducible by taking a number of readings and finding the average. 3 Precision and Accuracy in data Precisio