Chemistry_101

CHEMISTRY 101   Notes for Pure Chemistry so you won’t die for O’ levels     All information accurate as of 2020   All credits to Qin Guan for his notes (and me for making the docs)     TABLE OF CONTENTS     INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE     EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENTS   PURIFICATION AND SEPARATION   KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY   ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, AND MIXTURES   ATOMIC STRUCTURE   IONIC BONDING   COVALENT AND METALLIC BONDING   CHEMICAL EQUATIONS   STOICHIOMETRY AND THE MOLE CONCEPT   ACIDS AND BASES   SALTS   QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS   SPEED OF REACTION   ENERGY FROM CHEMICALS   AMMONIA   AIR AND THE ENVIRONMENT   REDOX   METALS   THE PERIODIC TABLE   ELECTROLYSIS     1

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE   Hello people! Welcome to Chemistry 101!       Feel free to ​ print, download, or make a copy ​ of these notes! Here is the link to the   original ​ Google Docs ​ :   https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ODpZq-XEX3ZVCgag6TEU-2IOEGtURe9odrX6c9w4zz U/edit?usp=sharing     This set of notes was made in 2020, do note the following topics that ​ have not ​ been   included in this set of notes:   FUELS AND CRUDE OIL   ALKANES AND ALKENES   ALCOHOLS, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND ESTERS   MACROMOLECULES     Hopefully people will benefit from this and do well for chemistry. This set of notes will   help you to break everything down into smaller concepts so that it’s easier for digestion   and understanding. :)     Hopefully less people will die for O’ levels Chemistry (Pure) after using this set of notes.     I would like to fully credit myself for making the google docs and doing notes for all the   S4 chapters. I would also like to credit my friend Qin Guan, for writing all notes for all   the S3 chapters and allowing me to convert it into a google docs.       Jun Ci   (The human who did the google docs)     2

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND   MEASUREMENTS   PHYSICAL QUANTITIES     Physical   Quantity   Unit   Conversion   Measurement   Mass   Kg   1kg = 1000g   Beam balance, Electronic   balance   Volume   cm ​ 3   1cm ​ 3 ​ = 0.001 liters   Measuring cylinder,   Burette     dm ​ 3   1dm ​ 3 ​ = 1000cm ​ 3 ​ = 1 liter     Time   Seconds (s)   1h = 60min= 3600s   Stopwatch     Minutes   (min)         Hours (h)       Temperature   Celsius (ºC)   -   Thermometer     Kelvin (K)   Celsius + 273K     MEASUREMENT APPARATUS     Apparatus used   How it is used   Electronic Balance   ● Values are given at 2 d.p.   ● Mini glass enclosure around the balance to prevent   wind from affecting measurements   Measuring Cylinder   ● Approximate measurements   ● 1cm ​ 3 ​ to 1000cm ​ 3 ​ or more   Burette   ● Accurate measurements to 0.05cm ​ 3   ● Measure up to 50cm ​ 3   Volumetric flask   ● Very accurate   3

● Used to measure fixed volumes   ● Used to prepare standard solutions of exact   concentration   Syringe   ● Small syringe → small volume of liquids   ● Large syringe → large volume of gases     TAKING MEASUREMENTS   Take the reading of a liquid at the bottom of the meniscu