ELL_P2SA_A_LEVELS_notes

ELL P2SA NOTES Lexical change: 1. Compounding 2. Clipping a. fridge 3. Blending a. smog b. Motel c. Brunch d. Infotainment 4. Affixation: adding prefixes or suffixes to form another word 5. Levelling: one form of language becomes more like another with which it is somehow associated 6. Back-formation: deriving a shorter word from a longer one, by deleting an imagined aff ix a. burglar → burgle b. Orientation → orientate c. Editor → edit 7. Abbreviations: initialisms or acronyms 8. Conversion (V to N, Adj to N, N to V, Adj to V) 9. Borrowing a. Conventionalisation: when the foreign word becomes a loanword, so adopting the the sound + other linguistic characteristics of the receiving language. Speakers don’t perceive it as a loanword, but as a native word b. Loan translation (calques): literal translation of an idiom, figurative expression, or phrase from another lang - 洗脑 (brainwash) - 好久不见 (long time no see) - 丢脸 (lose face) - Vorwort (German; foreword) 10. Coinages 11. Folk etymology Semantic change: 1. Semantic widening 2. “ bleaching a. awful, terrible, horrible, awesome

3. Metaphorization: establishing link between 2 concepts a. social butterfly 4. “ narrowing, or specialization 5. “ amelioration or elevation a. from ‘fond’ (foolish) to ‘fond’ (affectionate towards) 6. “ pejoration or deterioration TERMS WHAT Standard 3 main branches, also look at Examples for more info Formal standard: - applied primarily to written language and the most formal spoken language situations - objective standards prescribed by language authorities - standards codified in usage books / dictionaries / other written texts - conservative outlook on lang reforms Informal standard: - Applied to spoken language - Determined by actual usage patterns of speakers - Listener judgement essential in determining socially acceptable norms - Multiple norms of acceptability - Incorporates regional and social considerations - Defined negatively by the avoidance of socially stigmatized linguistic structures Vernacular: - Applied to spoken lang - Determined by usage patterns of speakers - Listener judgement essential in determining social unacceptability - Defined by the presence of a set of socially stigmatized linguistic structures Accent differences A particular way in which a group of people pronounce a language. - Regional - Social - Ethnic

- Individual Register A variety of language used for a particular purpose, or in a particular social setting. Some linguists prefer ‘style’, keeping ‘register’ for a more specific meaning of specialised language, e.g. academic jargon Dialect *the distinction between language and dialect cannot be made on purely linguistic grounds but is intricately tied to sociopolitical and sociocultural considerations A variety of language whi