ELL_spoken_and_nct_text_notes_PROMOS

ELL SPOKEN & NCT TEXTS (FEATURES) General notes: ★ Read spoken text as a whole ★ When analysing, look at 2-3 turns together ★ Spoken texts are more dynamic and move faster, so flesh out the transitions GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 1. Disfluency/ nonfluency ● Pauses ● Fillers ○ Err / ummm ○ Hmm ○ Like ● False starts ○ E.g. I know (.) well (.) I feel she shouldn ’t have done that ● Repetitions ● Unfinished utterances / hanging sentences ● Ellipsis 2. Repair ● Self-repair *similar to false start ● Other-repair ● Self-initiate ● Other-initiate 3. Phonetic features ● Intonation / stresses ● Lengthening of sounds ● Volume (when the word is CAPITALISED AND UNDERLINED) ● Pace ● Pronunciation ○ Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables, e.g. to have ○ Assimilation: sound changing due to sound before or after it

○ Elision: omission of sound(s) in word or phrase, e.g. next - > nextweek ● Linking and intrusive R 4. Interactive features ● Covered in CONVERSATION features 5. Discourse markers ● Words that indicate the beginning of a topic or shift in topic, e.g. anyway 6. Overtures ● Longer ready-made utterance as openers, e.g. you see, the thing is / i tell you what / the question is….. 7. Hedging -> can be used to be polite + express uncertainty ● Expressing less than total commitment to some proposition, e.g. sort of / I suppose / I guess 8. Vocabulary ● Colloquial and informal language ● Less lexical variety by using synonyms and hyponyms, e.g. it ’s going to be big. Huge. tremendous 9. Conjunctions -> can both join and divide clauses ● Pretty frequent occurence of And, But, Or, Because, So 10. Reinforcement of topic ● Reverse of Left Dislocation of topic ● Question tags ● Yes / no (kind of like question tag) ● Evaluating adjectives [spoken utterance can have both head and tail in it] E.g, Robert’s boss (.) She’s a real piece of work isn’t she Left dislocation Question tag FOR CONVOS

11. Turn taking ● Turn taking patterns: the norm for who talks, when, and for how long. Can indicate interpersonal relationships + speaker or hearer’s attitudes ○ Turn-taking: 1 speaker at a time ○ Turn-holding: speaker tries to prolong the turn, and achieves this by hedging, new starts, paralinguistic features like pauses ○ Turn-yielding: indicates more contact, speaker lets the next person talk. *rising intonation can cause this because it makes the utterance sound like a question ○ Turn allocation: shows power bc speaker gives the next person a chance to speak *mentioning of names etc. is evocative ● Transition relevance phase: point in conversation where a shift it turns is possible ● Interruption: when speaker doesn ’t wait for a TRP ● Overlap: speaker anticipates the TRP but starts speaking before it arrives 12. Adjacency pairs -> a sequence of 2 utterances by 2 succe