ELL spoken and nct text notes PROMOS

ELL SPOKEN & NCT TEXTS (FEATURES) General notes: ★ Read spoken text as a whole ★ When analysing, look at 2-3 turns together ★ Spoken texts are more dynamic and move faster, so flesh out the transitions GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 1. Disfluency/ nonfluency ● Pauses ● Fillers ○ Err / ummm ○ Hmm ○ Like ● False starts ○ E.g. I know (.) well (.) I feel she shouldn ’t have done that ● Repetitions ● Unfinished utterances / hanging sentences ● Ellipsis 2. Repair ● Self-repair *similar to false start ● Other-repair ● Self-initiate ● Other-initiate 3. Phonetic features ● Intonation / stresses ● Lengthening of sounds ● Volume (when the word is CAPITALISED AND UNDERLINED) ● Pace ● Pronunciation ○ Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables, e.g. to have ○ Assimilation: sound changing due to sound before or after it

○ Elision: omission of sound(s) in word or phrase, e.g. next - > nextweek ● Linking and intrusive R 4. Interactive features ● Covered in CONVERSATION features 5. Discourse markers ● Words that indicate the beginning of a topic or shift in topic, e.g. anyway 6. Overtures ● Longer ready-made utterance as openers, e.g. you see, the thing is / i tell you what / the question is….. 7. Hedging -> can be used to be polite + express uncertainty ● Expressing less than total commitment to some proposition, e.g. sort of / I suppose / I guess 8. Vocabulary ● Colloquial and informal language ● Less lexical variety by using synonyms and hyponyms, e.g. it ’s going to be big. Huge. tremendous 9. Conjunctions -> can both join and divide clauses ● Pretty frequent occurence of And, But, Or, Because, So 10. Reinforcement of topic ● Reverse of Left Dislocation of topic ● Question tags ● Yes / no (kind of like question tag) ● Evaluating adjectives [spoken utterance can have both head and tail in it] E.g, Robert’s boss (.) She’s a real piece of work isn’t she Left dislocation Question tag FOR CONVOS

11. Turn taking ● Turn taking patterns: the norm for who talks, when, and for how long. Can indicate interpersonal relationships + speaker or hearer’s attitudes ○ Turn-taking: 1 speaker at a time ○ Turn-holding: speaker tries to prolong the turn, and achieves this by hedging, new starts, paralinguistic features like pauses ○ Turn-yielding: indicates more contact, speaker lets the next person talk. *rising intonation can cause this because it makes the utterance sound like a question ○ Turn allocation: shows power bc speaker gives the next person a chance to speak *mentioning of names etc. is evocative ● Transition relevance phase: point in conversation where a shift it turns is possible ● Interruption: when speaker doesn ’t wait for a TRP ● Overlap: speaker anticipates the TRP but starts speaking before it arrives 12. Adjacency pairs -> a sequence of 2 utterances by 2 successive speakers such that the second pair part is identifiably related to the first PP as an expected follow up ● Can contain insertion sequence (a turn that comes in between the related pairs) FIRST PAIR PART SECOND PAIR PART Preferred Dispreffered Question Expected answer Unexpected or nonanswer Request Acceptance Refusal Invitation / offer Acceptance Refusal Assessment Agreement Disagreement Blame Acceptance Denial or justification 13. Maxims of conversation ● politeness strategies ○ Avoiding imposition, imposing on people

○ Giving options (can be in the form of hedging) ○ Making the other person feel good MORE POWER LESS POWER More turns Fewer turns Longer turns Shorter turns Initiate convo Respond to convo Control topic Follow topic Likelier to interrupt Likelier to be interrupted Likelier to allocate turns Likelier to respond FOR SEMI SCRIPTED ★ Generally has more in common with written text ★ Less interaction, although there is audience response ★ Speaker expected to hold turn until the end of text ★ Fewer non fluency features Speech ● Alliteration ● Metaphor, e.g. iron curtain ● Pronouns to make connections between speaker and audience ● Contrasting pairs / syntactic parallelism, e.g. we are here for all, we are here for each individual ● Rule of three Storytelling ● Abstract ● Orientation ● Complicating action Kommentar [1]: significance?

● Resolution ● Evaluation ● Coda