ELL_written_text_notes_for_TERMS

ELL P1SA WRITTEN TEXT (LINGUISTIC FEATURES) CONTACT 1. Personal pronouns establish the voice of the writer. ○ 1st person singular pronouns -> I, me ○ 2nd person singular / plural pronouns -> you ○ 1st person plural inclusive /exclusive pronouns -> we, us, ours X does not contribute to interpersonal contact, used objectively to sound more impersonal : 2nd person general pronouns, all 3rd person pronouns 2. Mood and sentence types address the reader directly, to ○ Interrogatives: projects a need for the reader to answer that question and force them to think of subject at hand ○ Imperatives: is a call to action for the reader to respond accordingly ○ Exclamatory highlights emotions (and often paired with imperatives) 3. Multimodality 4. Format features ○ Such as testimonials, quotes, contact details 5. Word choice (lexical terms) ○ Salient to context ○ Emotive / connotative POWER 1. Mood and sentence types ○ Declarative: writer makes a statement (either fact or opinion) - Bare VS modulated declaratives ○ Imperative: request, suggest, command or invite the reader to do something - Starts with a verb - Superior knowledge ○ Interrogatory: writer could have authority, or putting reader in position of authority, can also be used to create contact - Exceptions are expository and rhetorical questions ○ Exclamatory: writer expresses emotion

2. Mood and modality Modal verbs -> can, could, shall, should, will, would, must, may ○ Expresses probability / possibility / likelihood / obligation / necessity, ability, permission ○ Perceptions, opinions, and attitudes of the writer and speaker that shape understanding of message conveyed COMPLEXITY 1. Morphological complexity ○ Affixes ○ Nominalisation: verb or adjective -> noun 2. Phrasal complexity ● Nouns premodifying nouns: are non gradable and absolute -> particle physics ● Compound nouns - Endocentric: A + B = special kind of B -> North East Coast mackerel - Exocentric: A + B = metaphorical kind of B -> redhead, lionheart - Copulative: A + B = sum of A and B (2 things which contribute equally to the noun) -> sleepwalker - Appositional: A / B = A and B provide different descriptions for the same referent -> singer-songwriter ● Compound adjectives: when adjectives modify adjectives ● Structural complexity 3. Clausal complexity ● Subordination - Illustrates contrast or cause and effect ● Complementizer ● Noun modification (pre or post modification) 4. Themes & Rhemes ● Marked themes are a form of emphasis COHESION

1. Grammatical cohesion ● Reference - Anaphoric reference (something that has alr been mentioned and named previously) - Cataphoric reference (given an identity aft it has been mentioned -> when she left, my friend passed me her cat) - Co-reference [exophoric] ● Ellipsis - Creates cohesion when used relatively consistently throughout text - E.g. subheadings / hea