2024 SCGS SEC4EXP Geog PRELIM MS

1 SINGAPORECHINESEGIRLS’SCHOOL PRELIMINARYEXAMINATION2024SECONDARYFOURO-LEVELPROGRAMME HUMANITIESPaper2Geography 2260/02 Tuesday 20August2024 1hour45minutes ______________________________________________________________ ANSWERSCHEME [Turnover

2 SectionA AnswerQuestion1andQuestion2 1 Cluster 1: GeographyinEverydayLife (a) ‘Forestscanhelptocool areasbygeneratingrainfall’. Identifythetypeofecosystemservicereferredtobythestatementabove. [1] ● Regulatingecosystemservices[1] AO1 (b) Study Fig. 1.1, which shows the number of fire incidents in residential buildings inSingaporeandtheircausesin2022. Causesoffireinresidential buildings(2022) Fig. 1.1Source: DatafromSingaporeCivil DefenceForceAnnual Report 2022 (i) DescribethecontributionsofcausesofhouseholdfiresinSingaporein2022. [3]● Unattendedcookingcontributedthelargestproportion[1mark].● 37%or346outof934incidents[1additional mark]● Droppedlight(cigarettes)contributedtheleast[1mark].● 13%or121outof934incidents[1additional mark] AO2, accept other plausibleanswersbut cannot simplyquotenumbersforadditional 1mark [Turnover

3 (ii) Explainhowcommunityresiliencecanbebuilttomanagefirehazards. [4]Award1mforeachmeasuretomanagefirehazards,uptoamaximumof4m.Awardamaximumof1additional markforfurtherdevelopmentofeachmeasure,whereapplicable. ● Improveresidents’ emergencypreparednesstorespondtofirehazards● TheSCDFconductsaCommunityEmergencyPreparednessProgrammewhichfocusesonkeylifesavingskillsandimportantemergencyprocedures ● Strengthentherelationshipsamongstresidentssothattheycandependononeanotherduringanemergency● ThePeople’sAssociationorganizesawiderangeofcommunityactivitiesaimedatfosteringpositiverelationshipsamongstresidentslivinginaneighbourhood ● Residentsintheneighbourhoodcanbeinvolvedinaninclusiveplanningprocessthatinvolvescommunityleaders,civil societyorganisationsandthegovernment● Whenresidentsparticipateactivelyinprojectstominimisepotentialhazards,theycanbetterunderstandtherisks ● InSingapore,theCommunityFirstResponders(CFR)volunteerssupportthegovernmentinsearchandrescueoperationsandeducatethepubliconsimplefirstaidandbasicfirefighting.● CFRsarealertedtominorrubbishchutesandbinfireswithintheirimmediatevicinityandhelpputoutthefires ● Thetotal defenceframeworkemphasizesthateveryonehasaparttoplaytobuildastrong,secureandcohesivenation. XGovernmentstosupplyeveryhouseholdwithafireblanketorjacket AO1, 1mper point. Thisquestionisnot just about disaster riskmanagement ingeneral, but focusisonbuildingcommunityresilience. [Turnover

4 (c) A group of students inSingaporewantedtofindout if livingnear natureareas will helptoimproveresident’s mental wellbeing. They administeredaquestionnaireto50respondentsliving within 1 kilometre fromnature areas and another 50 respondents whodidnot. Thequestionnaireassessesrespondents’ depression,anxietyandstresslevels. Study Table 1.1, which shows the number of respondents and the extent of their mentalwellbeing. Table1.1Numberofrespondentsineachcategory Extent of mentalwellbeing Depression Anxiety StressWithin1km Beyond1km Within1km Beyond1km Within1km Beyond1kmNormal 6 5 12 4 31 5Mild 10 12 25 26 16 11Moderate 14 15 9 5 1 23Severe 12 16 0 7 2 6ExtremelySevere 8 2 4 8 0 5Total respondents 50 50 50 50 50 50 UsingTable1.1,evaluatehowwell thedatasupportsthehypothesisthatlivingnearnatureareaswill improveone’smental wellbeing. [6] Award 1 mark for each evaluation on how well the data supports the hypothesis, to amaximum of 6 marks. Award a maximum of 1 additional mark for further development ofeachevaluation, whereapplicable. Possibleresponsesinclude:Support● Respondentswholivedwithin1kmof natureareasfeltsignificantlylessstress[1 mark]. 47respondents(94%) hadnormal andmildstresslevelscomparedto only 16 respondents (32%) wholivedmorethan1kmfromnatureareas [1additional mark].● Fewer respondentswholivewithin1kmof natureareashadextremelysevereanxiety issues [1 mark]. The number of respondents livingbeyond1kmwhohad extremely severe anxietyissueswasdoublethat of thosewholivewithin1km. Don’tsupport● However, respondents who live within 1km of nature areas were moredepressed than those who did not [1 mark]. There were 4 times as manyrespondents living within 1km of nature areas who felt extremely severedepressioncomparedtothosewhodidnot [1additional mark].● Distance from nature areas did not have much impact on depression andanxiety [1 mark]. The numbers for mild depression and anxiety / moderatedepression were similar for those who live within 1km of nature areas andthosewhodidnot [1additional mark]. Acceptotherplausibleresponses,atleast1mforsupport/don’tsupport. [Total:14] 2 Cluster 2: Tourism [Turnover

5 (a) StudyFig.2.1,whichshowsthecostofatickettoflytospacewithvariousprivatespacetravel companies. SpacePerspective-$125,000fora6-hourflightVirginGalactic-$450,000for15minutesofweightlessnessBlueOrigin-$28millionforthefirstflightAxiomSpace-$55millionincluding10daysataninternational spacestation Fig. 2.1Source: https://www.travelandleisure.com/trip-ideas/space-astronomy/space-tourism-is-here With reference to Fig. 2.1, explain the factors that have affected the demand for spacetourism. [3] ● Motivation–theneedtodiscoveruniquetravel experiences[1]● toachievepersonal growthandself-fulfilment[+1] ● Ability–Morespacetravel companies,thereforevariouspackagesandpeoplecanchooseoptionsbasedonwhattheycanafford[1]● Economicdevelopmentleadingtohigherdisposableincome[+1] ● Mobility–availabilityofcommercial flightsprovidedbyprivatespacetravelcompanies,notjustgovernmentspacemissions[1] AO2, 1mper point, max. +1per factor (b) Describethecharacteristics of tourists whoarelikely tovisit tourist destinations that areatitsearlystagesoftourismdevelopment. [4] Venturers[1/2]:● Spendmoneymorereadily ● Areguidedbytheirpersonal judgementratherthanauthorityfiguresinmakingtraveldecisions● Often,theysettravel trendsforothers● Prefertobespontaneousandhaveadiversityofactivities ● Prefertomaketheirowntravel plans,andoftenoptfor nichetourism● Travel aloneorinsmall groups ● Exploreless-developed,uniqueplacesevenifitislessconvenient. ● Explorestheworldinall ofitsdiversity,adventurous● Morelikelytovisitnewplacesortrynewexperienceseachtimetheytravel AO1, 1mper point [Turnover

6 (c) Study Fig. 2.2, which shows a news article headline regarding water shortage in Bali,Indonesia. Fig. 2.2Source:https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7761323/Tourists-blamed-water-shortage-Bali-threatening-lives-50-million.html With reference to Fig. 2.2, describe how tourismin Bali has led to negative impacts onlocals. [2] ● Largenumberoftouristsvisitingmeanshighdemandforwaterintouristresorts● Lackofwaterforagriculture,threateningfoodsecurityforthelocals AO2, 1mper point, accept other plausibleanswers. Not about what thenegativeimpactsare! (d) ‘Governmentsaremostresponsibleforensuringsustainabletourismattouristdestinations.’ Towhatextentdoyouagreewiththisstatement?Explainyouranswer. [9] XSustainabledevelopmentismorethanjustcontrollinglitterandpollution!X“Stakeholders”isacollectiveterm,notspecificgroupofpeople Relevantcontent● Sustainabletourismisachievedwhensustainabilityprinciplesareappliedtotheeconomic,social andenvironmental aspectsoftourismdevelopment.● Governmentsestablishpolicies,createplansandenforceregulationstomanagetourismdevelopment.● International organisations offer consultancy, financial assistance and raisepublicawareness.● Businesses and local communities seek advice from others (probablygovernment)andparticipateindecision-making.● Tourists develop genuine interest in tourist destination regions and interactresponsibly. PossibleapproachThe answer makes clear a judgement on whether governments are mostresponsiblefor ensuringsustainabletourismattouristdestinationswithreferencetoexamples and/or case studies. An example of a regulation that governments canenforce is to limit the typesof tourismactivityandthenumber of touristswhocan [Turnover

7 enter the country. For example, In Bhutan, the government regulatesthat touristscan only enter the