TJC 2023 IP4 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Notes.pdf

1 Temasek Junior College Integrated Programme Year 4 Chemistry Topic 10.1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry Notes Name: Class: Date: Learning objectives At the end of this notes, you must be able to: (a) name natural gas, mainly methane, and crude oil as non-renewable sources of energy (b) describe crude oil as a mixture of hydrocarbons and its separation by fractional distillation to yield fractions which have competing uses as fuels and as a source of chemicals (c) interpret, and use the nomenclature, general formulae and displayed formulae of the following classes of compounds: (i) hydrocarbons (alkanes and alkenes) (ii) halogen derivatives (halogenoalkanes) (iii) alcohols (iv) carboxylic acids and esters (d) interpret, and use the following terminology associated with organic reactions: (i) functional group (ii) addition, substitution, elimination, condensation, hydrolysis (iii) oxidation and reduction [in equations for organic redox reactions, the symbols [O] and [H] are acceptable] (e) describe constitutional (structural) isomerism Useful references: Books 1. A-level Chemistry (E. N. Ramsden) 2. A Self-Study Guide to the Principles of Organic Chemistry, Jiben Roy 3. GCE ‘O’ Level Chemistry Matters (Y.T. Tan, L. K. Chen, J. Sandler & E. Clare) Websites 1. Virtual Text of Organic Chemistry (William Reusch, Michigan State University): https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/textindx.htm 2. Chemguide (Jim Clark): http://www.chemguide.co.uk/orgmenu.html 3. Basic IUPAC Organic Nomenclature (Ian Hunt, University of Calgary): http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/WebContent/orgnom/index.html

2 Topic Outline 1 Introduction 1.1 Importance of Organic Chemistry 1.2 Unique Bonding Nature of Carbon 2 Primary Sources of Organic Compounds 2.1 Crude Oil and Natural Gas 2.2 Separating Crude Oil via Fractional Distillation 2.3 Catalytic Cracking 2.4 Usage of Fossil Fuels 3 Classes of Organic Compounds 3.1 Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds 3.2 Functional Groups and Homologous Series 4 Representations of Organic Compounds 5 Nomenclature (Naming) of Organic Compounds 6 Types of Organic Reactions 7 Isomerism 7.1 Constitutional Isomerism 7.1.1 Chain Isomerism 7.1.2 Positional Isomerism 7.1.3 Functional Group Isomerism

3 1 Introduction • Organic chemistry involves the study of the structures, reactions, syntheses and properties of carbon-containing compounds. • Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing . • Not all carb on-containing compounds, however, are classified as organic compounds; examples of such exceptions are the oxides of carbon (e.g. CO or CO2), metal carbides (e.g. TiC) and carbonates (e.g. CaCO3 or H2CO3). 1.1 Importance of Organic Chemistry • It is a field