SAJC Cluster 1.2 Lecture 11 Notes (Development)

St. Andrew’s Junior College H2 Cluster 1: Development, Economy and Environment H2_DEE_lecture11_2025/pg 1 Lecture 11 Development KEY QUESTIONS: i. How do levels of development vary across space? ii. How are global patterns of trade, capital and labour flows related to variations in levels of development across space? With the completion of this lecture, attached readings and tutorial, you should be able to discuss the: • variations across space in levels of development between: − macro-regions − countries within a macro-region − different places within a country • the shifts in global patterns of flows of trade, capital and labour since the 1950s Lecture Outline 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Variations Across Space in Levels of Development Between Macro-regions 11.3 Variations across Space in Levels of Development Between Countries Within a Macro-region 11.4 Variations Across Space in Levels of Development Between Places Within the Country 11.5 Shifts in Global patterns of Flows of Trade, Capital and Labour Since the 1950s 11.5.1 Changes in Flows of Trade Since the 1950s 11.5.2 Changes in Flows of Capital Since the 1950s 11.5.3 Changes in Flows of Labour Since the 1950s 11.6 Conclusion: What Is the Relationship Between Development and Patterns of Trade, Capital and Labour Flows?

St. Andrew’s Junior College H2 Cluster 1: Development, Economy and Environment H2_DEE_lecture11_2025/pg 2 11.1 Introduction • In general usage, ‘development’ refers to ‘a process of change operating over time’. Traditionally, in the study of development of countries, this would be synonymous with their economic growth, and is seen as the process by which countries advance and become richer. But, growth in average income alone does not, however, guarantee that the full range of human needs and aspirations will be satisfied. • More updated definitions of development have departed from the traditional notion (see above) which is based only on wealth. Development is a now accepted to be wide -ranging and complex concept. It includes wealth, but it includes other important aspects of our lives too . For example, many people would consider good health to be more important than wealth. • Development can, thus, be defined as a rise in the well-being of society as a whole, as reflected in the expanded set of opportunities available to the present generation. It requires not just a rise in mean income, but that this income be distributed as equitably as possible among a population (i.e. over space) to increase the welfare of the whole of society – for example, by increasing access to food, clean water and housing, and improving standards of health and education. • Development would thus lead to greater intra-generational equity, though no particular degree of equity is specified as a target that a country should meet in order to be called ‘developed’. • In other words, contemporary notions of development have come to clo