Commonwealth Sec 2E Geography EOY 2022

COMMONWEALTH SECONDARY SCHOOL END-OF-YEAR EXAMINATION 2022 GEOGRAPHY Name: ____________________________________ ( ) Class: ___________ SECONDARY TWO EXPRESS 07 October 2022 0800 - 0915 1 hour 15 minutes MARK SCHEME Section A Answer all questions below. (Total: 18 marks) 1 a) b) Describe the characteristics of informal housing. Suggested Answer: - Self-built squatter settlements - Typically found in unwanted land use - No legal right to occupy land - Lack of access to basic services - Poor quality building materials Students can choose any 4 points to describe. Explain two factors that could influence the location of informal housing. Suggested Answer: ▪ Land-use planning (e.g., restrictive land use, zoning) ▪ Developers (i.e., government and private developers) ▪ Land price (i.e., cost of land for formal housing) [4] [2]

2 c) ▪ Housing financial support (i.e., finance schemes for the poor, improved access to finance for developers) Study Photograph A, which shows the impact housing can bring to the physical environment. Photograph A Source: https://theconversation.com/lin-south-africa-is-the-expression-of-wider-selfish-and-costly-culture-96186 Using only Photograph A, outline how housing can negatively affect the environment. Suggested Answer: From Photograph A, • Presence of litter/exposed rubbish on the streets likely a result of inadequate waste disposal management, leading to land pollution. • Excessive rubbish may lead to clogged drains, encouraging breeding of mosquitoes and spread of disease. • Housing areas accompanied by heavy vehicular traffic as shown, contributing to poor air quality from vehicular emissions. [2]

3 d) Study Photograph B, which shows the central courtyard at Dakota Crescent, Singapore. Photograph B Source: https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/Planning/Master-Plan/Regional-Highlights/Central-Region (i) Annotate on Photograph B the different features within this project that could increase the level of inclusivity in the neighbourhood. (ii) With reference to a specific country, describe and explain how the presence of amenities could help improve the quality of life of individuals. The presence of amenities could make life easier for the residents living in the area, hence amenities are desirable in a neighborhood [1]. For instance, in Singapore, in every neighbourhood, there will be sufficient wet markets, hawker centres and clinics in close proximity [1]. This would help residents to acquire their everyday grocery from nearby shops [1]. [3] [3] With playgrounds, children living in this neighbourhood will have a place to play and interact with other children. Presence of wide pavement gives room for people who are wheelchair bound to move freely in the courtyard, relaxing their mind and body. Recreational corner such as having a table with chessboard printed on it helps to promote interaction among elderly residents.

4 e) Fig. 1 Much has changed in Singapore's urban landscape in the four decades since Independence. In the 1960s, Singapore was beset by high unemployment, an overcrowded city centre, and a shortage of proper housing and adequate infrastructure. Today, the city centre is a bustling business and financial hub, with a vibrant mix of retail and entertainment activities catering to bot h residents and visitors. Good quality homes are readily available, in self - sufficient new towns and in the heart of the city. Source: https://www.csc.gov.sg/articles/managing-singapore's-land-needs Identify the sustainable management strategy as described in Fig. 1 and explain two challenges that could be faced when implementing this strategy. The strategy described in Fig. 1 is known as integrated land-use planning [1]. Integrated land-use planning is the process by which the needs of different groups of people and their demands can be resolved to ensure that there is sustainable development in the city. One of the challenges in integrated land- use planning is that it requires long term and forward planning by the authority [1]. Furthermore, close coordination among all stakeholders in the city. This is difficult to achieve as in a city, the variety of stakeholders would mean that there would be many different perspectives and demands to consider during the planning stage [2]. [3]

5 Section B Answer all questions below. (Total: 18 marks) 2 a) Study Photograph C, which show a part of Changi before and after it was modified for the purpose of transportation. Photograph C Before After Source: https://www.penta-ocean.co.jp Source: https://en.wikipedia.org i) With reference to Photograph C, how was the physical environment modified for the purpose of transportation? Land was cleared and new land was created through land reclamation OR deforestation [1] to build /expand the airport [1]. [2] ii) With the aid of a named example, describe another way in which humans have modified the physical environment to improve accessibility. • Reserve 1 mark for named example. • Accept either example from below. • Other plausible answers accepted BUT they must NOT involve land reclamation. • The Bukit Timah Nature Reserve was partially removed [1] to build the Bukit Timah Expressway [1]. This expressway cut down travelling time for motorists [1]. • In order to make downtown Singapore more accessible [1], the Singapore River was temporarily diverted [1] for the construction of the Mass Rapid Transit tunnels connecting the Downtown Line stations [1]. [3] New land Sea

6 b) Describe and explain two considerations when designing a public transport system for people who are wheelchair-bound. • Any 2 considerations from below. • Other plausible answers accepted. • The people who are wheelchair-bound will need barrier-free access [1] so building ramps with railings will allow them to move around independently [1]. • Building lifts [1] will help the people who are wheelchair-bound to access overhead bridges and train stations more easily [1]. • Installing lift buttons at a lower height [1] allows wheelchair-bound people to reach them easily [1]. • Foldaway ramps found on public buses [1] allow wheelchair-bound people to board the bus more easily [1]. [4] c) Study Fig. 2, which shows a map extract of an urban settlement. Key

7 i) You are driving from the Pier to Herston, in which general direction are you driving towards? West [1] ii) What is the 6-figure grid reference of the Swanage Railway Station? 029789 [1] • Define a dense transport network. At which grid square of the map do you observe the densest transport infrastructure? A dense transport network refers to an area with many nodes and routes. 0278 [2] iii) Explain why the transport infrastructure is densest around in that area. There are many services available in the area such as the hospital and churches. OR It leads to the pier and lookout point which are possible tourist locations/attractions. Many activities can be carried out in this area. [1] Therefore, it requires the most/largest of number routes and nodes to allow people to access such places with ease. [1] [2] d) Transport systems are vital to the movement of goods and servi