H2 chem organic reactions

Alkanescombustion: (xHy+(x+1)02->XCO2+=H20 provideenergytoinitiatethehomoyt aradicalsFreeRadicalSubstitution n+1Ct2(g)/Brz(g),UVlig->briefexposureasUVlightproducesX-radicalsthat initiatechainreactionsofpropagationsteptoproduce moreradicalsforrxntosustain CH4+Cer- >CHice+HCe ⊥ChaltpredominatesmyexcessCH4 mechanism CCt4predominateswyexcess(tr Initiation Ratioofisomericpots Ce - ratioofpatscalculatedfromnumber ofHatomsofsamechemicalenvironment thatcanbesubstitutedtoformaparticularisomer Propagation - differentputsduechemicalenvironments ofIfatoms wis+--> CHz+H= C cris-c-43 H· crz+Cf- Cl 4)n- >CH3+C· sub· Hiatomsgive-entropropanewhilesubHbatoms se give2-chloropropane itto- Cuc+H 3fordisubstitutedpat · cricce+Cf-1- >CHIC+C· 444 de termination(atleast3) Aptey- >Crz-c citey. ->C- 1 yCH3->CH3-CHy

Alkenes Reduction - H2(g),Nicatalyst,heat - Hzlg),Pd/pEcatalyst,roomtemp.BrBr ElectrophilicAdditionH--BrOr- BrzincCly,roomtemp & -HtHBr-- Br,199),roomtemp - HX(9),roomtemp->H-industrial- H20(g),300%,Goatm,conc. Hypoycatalyst &H-H - conc. H2SOy,H20,heat in laboratory carbocationonCwmore/leastwithdrawinnote mechanism ↓ * Br+Br Br +ButAtI purplekMno4 purplekMnOydecol, Oxidation↑decol ↑brownppt. ofMnOz mildoxidation:KMnOy,HeSoy(aq, Cold/KMnOy,NaOHal C=+H+[]->H-C- 2-H purplekMno4 purplekMnOydecol, ↓Wi ↑decol ↑brownppt.ofMno- strongoxidation/oxidativecleavage:KMnOy,Hesoycad,heatunderreflux/KMnOy,Naorcad,heatunderreflux oro11 F= - >Con+H20 HO-c- Cop+[0]->2COn+H20⊥cost- inalkalineconditions R-C= ->R-==0 carbadR0inalkalineconditionsH- HO- - ↑C= - >=0Ketone

Arenes &HofhydrogenationofKE=-354k5mol &HofhydrogenationofL=- 208kJmol+ diffinactual&expectedvalueofCH=146kJmol ⊥resonanceenergy->measureofstabilityofbenzeneduetodelocalisationofitselectrons- Benzene topreventFexs/AlXsfrom ElectrophilicSubstitutionundergoinghydrolysisw,water reactswithX2to siformFeX3 - Brz(1)/Ct2(g),anhydrousFeXy/AlXs/finelydividedFecatalyst,roomtemp.. FeltsactsasLewis - RCt,anhydrousFects/Afctscatalyst,roomtemp. 3acidcatalystbyacceptinganelectronpairfromC2- conc. HNO,(aa),conc. H2SOy(aq)catalyst,heatunderrefluxat55° Cz HesoyactsasaBronsted- Lowryacid bydonatingaprotontoHNOz Mechanism(Lewisacidcatalyst) Alces+Chr=Afcep-+cetor FeCts+CHiCHcCEFeCtp-+CHsICH2 HCH2CH3 #HXCH CH2CHy 1FecetI #[Y+He+Fects Mechanism(Bronsted- Lowryacidcatalyst) HNOs+H2SO4=NOct+H20+HSoy- ToA tivoSlow --> NOr H H methylbenzene,ElectrophilicSubstitution - conc. HNOs,conc. H2SO4,30° C- >lowertemp:electrondonatingalky/group↑reactivity Ssubstitutedat - Brz(1)/Ct2(g),anhydrousFeXy/AlXs/finelydividedFecatalyst,roomtemp. 2,4positions - Ce2(g)/Brz(g),nrlight(FRsofCH3sidecharn)

Oxidation- kMnO+caqi·H2SO4(aq),heatunderreflux->purpleKMnO4decol. - kMnOx(aq))NaOH(aq),heatunderreflux->purpleKMnO4decol. >brownpptofMnO CH2CH2CH3 coort fromexcess[ - +9703- >[+2C2+3420 CrIzCH3 coo- +Oto]+30H->F+Gs"+4t FurtherrxnsforR-CN: Alky)HalidesRX+NaOH-Ron+NayHydrolysis- H((9q)/H2SO4(aq),heatunderrefluxR- CN+HCl+2H20->R-C004+NHyce NucleophilicSubstitution↑ -