Sci (bio) syllabus notes 2024

1. Cell StructureandOrganisationContent ● PlantandAnimalCells ● CellSpecialisation LearningOutcomes Candidatesshouldbeableto: (a) identifyandstatethefunctionsofthefollowingcellstructures(includingorganelles)oftypicalplantandanimalcellsfromdiagrams,lightmicrographsandasseenunderthelightmicroscopeusingpreparedslidesandfreshmaterialtreatedwithanappropriatetemporarystainingtechnique: ● cellwall-fullypermeable;givesthecellitsfixedshapeandprotectsitfrominjury ● cellmembrane-partiallypermeable;controlsthesubstancesgoinginandoutofthecell ● cytoplasm-containscellorganellesandenzymes;wheremostcellactivitiesoccur ● nucleus-controllscellactivitiessuchascellgrowthandrepairofworn-outparts;essentialforcelldivision ● cellvacuoles(large,sap-filledinplantcells,small,temporaryinanimalcells)-storesdissolvedsubstances ● chloroplasts-containschlorophyllwhichabsorbslightenergyandconvertsittochemicalenergytomanufactureglucosewithcarbondioxideandwaterduringphotosynthesis.oxygenisproduced. (b) identifyandstatethefunctionsofthefollowingorganellesfromdiagramsandelectronmicrographs: ● mitochondria-siteforaerobicrespirationwhereglucoseisoxidisedtoreleaseenergyforcellularactivities ● ribosomes-synthesisofproteins(c) comparethestructureoftypicalanimalandplantcells plantcell animalcell havecellwall nocellwall hasalargecentralvacuole havenumeroussmallvacuoles havechloroplasts(leafcells) nochloroplasts (d) explainhowthestructuresofspecialisedcellsareadaptedtotheirfunctions(e.g.musclecell–manymitochondriatosupplymoreenergy,roothaircell–largesurfaceareaofcellmembraneforgreaterabsorption,redbloodcell–lackofnucleusallowingittotransportmoreoxygen) roothaircell- long,narrowprotrusiontoincreasesurfaceareatovolumeratioforincreasedrateofabsorptionofwateranddissolvedmineralsalts- uniformlythincellwalltodecreasediffusiondistancetoincreaserateofabsorptionofwatermoleculesandmineralions redbloodcell- circularbiconcaveshapetoincreasesurfaceareatovolumeratioforincreasedrateoftransportofoxygen- absenceofnucleustoallowforpackingofmorehaemoglobintoincreasecarryingcapacityofoxygenmolecules- containshaemoglobinwhichbindsirreversiblywithoxygentoformoxyghaemiglobintotransportitaroundthebody

musclecell- numerousmitochondriatoreleasemoreenergyviaaerobicrespirationforcontractionofmusclecell

2. Movement of SubstancesContent ● Diffusion ● Osmosis LearningOutcomes Candidatesshouldbeableto: (a) definediffusionanddescribeitsroleinnutrientuptakeandgaseousexchangeinplantsandhumans-netmovementofparticlesfromaregionofhigherconcentrationtoaregionoflowerconcentrationdownaconcentrationgradient (b) defineosmosis,investigateanddescribetheeffectsofosmosisonplantandanimaltissues-netmovementofwatermoleculesfromaregionofhigherwaterpotentialtoaregionoflowerwaterpotentialacrossapartiallypermeablemembrane 3. Biological MoleculesContent ● Carbohydrates,FatsandProteins ● Enzymes LearningOutcomes Candidatesshouldbeableto: (a) statethemainrolesofcarbohydrates,fatsandproteinsinlivingorganisms: ● carbohydratesasanimmediatesourceof