ThatBioTutor Biology Notes (6093)

1. Cells Learning Outcomes: 1. Identify and state the functions of plant and animal cell organelles 2. State the relationship between cell structure and function (w.r.t. RBC, root hair cell, muscle cell) 3. Compare structures of plant and animal cells Keywords: • Organelle, membrane, cellular activities • Steroids, detoxification, protein synthesis • Small and temporary, large central, cell sap • Modifies, sorts and packages • Partially permeable, fully permeable • Biconcave, surface area to volume ratio, flexible, bell-shaped, long, narrow protrusion If you're our student: Cells Crash Course Clips 1. Identifying structures Component/OrganelleFunction Visible under Light Microscope? Nucleus • Contains (in the form of chromatin) • Controls DNA cellular activities Y Nuclear envelope Separates nucleus from cytoplasm Y Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Studded with • Ribosomes (for transport out of the cell) ribosomes synthesise proteins N Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Synthesises and **Pro Tip: A class of molecules, including sex hormones • Carries out where harmful substances are converted to harmless ones fats steroids detoxification: N Cytoplasm • Place where most occur • Contains • Site of cellularactivities organelles anaerobic respiration Y Vacuole Animals: • Several and vacuoles • Store food and water Plants: • Have a vacuole • Stores (water + dissolved substances such as: sugars, amino acids, mineral salts) small temporary large central cell sap Y (plants) N (animals) Golgi body/apparatus• odifies, orts and ackages substances into for secretion out of cell M S P vesicles N Mitochondria • Site of , where food substances (such as glucose) are broken down to aerobic respiration release energy N Chloroplast (plants only) • Site of photosynthesis Y Cell surface membrane/plasma membrane • • Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell Partially permeable Y Cell wall (plants only) • Fully permeable • Made of • Gives cell its shape cellulose Y Ribosomes • Protein synthesis N [Memory Hacks] • Golgi Body: ◦ When receiving vesicles from ER, says "Majulah SingaPura" ◦ Modifies, Sorts and Packages substances into vesicles for secretion out of cell • Rough ER: ◦ Proteins --> Meat. When you bite into meat patty, has a rough texture ◦ Rough ER synthesises proteins • Smooth ER: ◦ Lipids --> Oil. Oil is smooth and slippery. ◦ Smooth ER synthesises lipids 2. Linking Structure to Function Cell Structure Red Blood Cell How it is adapted to its function • , increases , so oxygen can in/out of it faster Biconcave surface area to volume ratio diffuse • Lacks a nucleus hence has for more to transport more oxygen more space haemoglobin, • , so it can squeeze through tiny Flexible capillaries • Can become in capillaries, further increasing bell-shaped surface area to volume ratio Root Hair Cell • Has a (root hair), that increases , for faster absorption of water and mineral salts