Best Pure Physics Notes

3 Table of Contents Table of Contents Prelude ........................................................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents........................................................................................................................................... 3 Checklist......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Basic Concepts.............................................................................................................................................. 5 1. Physical Ǫuantities, Units and Measurements ...................................................................................... 5 2. Kinematics .............................................................................................................................................. 7 3. Dynamics .............................................................................................................................................. 11 4. Turning Effects of Forces ..................................................................................................................... 14 5. Pressure ............................................................................................................................................... 16 6: Energy .................................................................................................................................................. 17 7. Kinetic Particle Model of Matter ........................................................................................................... 20 8. Thermal Processes ............................................................................................................................... 21 9. Thermal Properties of Matter ............................................................................................................... 23 10. General Properties of Waves.............................................................................................................. 24 11. Electromagnetic Spectrum ................................................................................................................ 27 12. Light ................................................................................................................................................... 28 13. Static Electricity .................................................................................................................................. 31 14. Current of Electricity .......................................................................................................................... 35 15. D.C. Circuits........................................................................................................................................ 37 16. Practical Electricity ............................................................................................................................. 39 17. Magnetism.......................................................................................................................................... 41 18. Electromagnetism .............................................................................................................................. 42 19. Electromagnetic Induction ................................................................................................................ 45 20. Radioactivity....................................................................................................................................... 47 Advanced Concepts ..................................................................................................................................... 52 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 67

4 Checklist S/N Learning Outcomes Completed 1 Physical Ǫuantities, Units and Measurements 2 Kinematics 3 Dynamics 4 Turning Effects of Forces 5 Pressure 6 Energy 7 Kinetic Particle Model of Matter 8 Thermal Processes 9 Thermal Properties of Matter 10 General Properties of Waves 11 Electromagnetic Spectrum 12 Light 13 Static Electricity 14 Current of Electricity 15 D.C. Circuits 16 Practical Electricity 17 Magnetism 18 Electromagnetism 19 Electromagnetic Induction 20 Radioactivity

5 Basic Concepts 1(a) Physical quantities Physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and unit. Non-Physical Quantities cannot be measured. Examples include: Physical Quantities Non-Physical Quantities Length Happiness Mass Love Time Intelligence Electric Current Beauty Thermodynamic temperature Emotion Amount of substance Ethics 1(b) Base quantities Base Quantity SI Unit Length m Mass kg Time s Electric Current A Thermodynamic temperature K Amount of substance mol 1(c) Prefixes Multiples / Sub-multiples Symbol Factor Tera T 1012 Giga G 109 Mega M 106 kilo k 103 deci d 10−1 centi c 10−2 milli m 10−3 micro μ 10−6 nano n 10−9 1(d) Sizes of Common Objects Objects Length In standard form Radius of hydrogen nucleus 0.000 000 000 000 001 m 1.0 ∗ 10−15 𝑚 Size of atom 0.000 000 000 1m 1.0 ∗ 10−10 𝑚 Width of human hair 0.0001 m 1.0 ∗ 10−4 𝑚 Diameter of wire 0.002 m 2.0 ∗ 10−3 𝑚 Length of chopsticks 0.2 m 2.0 ∗ 10−1 𝑚 Length of football field 100 m 1.0 ∗ 102 𝑚 Radius of Earth 6,378,100 m 6.4 ∗ 106 𝑚

6 1(e) Measuring instruments Physical Quantity Instruments Length Measuring tape, metre rule (m) Digital calipers (cm) Digital micrometre screw gauge (mm) Volume Measuring cylinder Burette Force Newton-meter Weight Electronic scale Mass Electronic balance Time Stopwatch Pressure Manometer, Barometer Temperature Thermometer Angle Protractor Potential difference Voltmeter Current Ammeter Measuring Instruments (for Length) Instrument Range Smallest Division Measuring tape 2m / 3m / 5m 10m / 15m 1mm Metre rule 1m 1mm Digital calipers 15cm 0.01mm Digital micrometre screw gauge 2.5cm 0.001mm 1(f) Scalar vs. Vector Quantities Scalar quantities are physical quantities with magnitude only, while Vector quantities are physical quantities with both magnitude and direction. Scalar Vector Mass Displacement Temperature Velocity Time Acceleration Distance Force Speed Momentum Energy Electric field Density Magnetic field Pressure Magnetic flux Charge Gravitational field Work Torque

7 1(g) Vector diagram to find resultant *Tip: you can check your answer using sine rule sin 𝐴 = sin 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 Types of Error Error Examples Systematic Zero error, Parallax error Unsystematic error (a.k.a Random Error) Human Reaction Time 2(a) Speed vs. Velocity Speed is the rate of change of distance, while velocity is the rate of change of displacement. 2(b) Average speed = distance travelled / time taken 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 Example: If Jim travels 150km in 2hours, his average speed is 75km/h (or 20.8 m/s). *Note: Average speed is not instantaneous speed. He may not be travelling at 75km/h throughout his journey, but his speeds combined at each instance averages to 75km/h. 2(c) Uniform acceleration (𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚)𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∆𝑣 = ∆𝑡 𝑣 − 𝑢 𝑡 Example: If Jim accelerates from rest to 5.0m/s in 5 seconds, his acceleration will be 1.0 m/s2. Point “SALAD” Details 1 Scale Choose the most appropriate scale that occupy half of the allocated space (e.g. 1cm : 2N ) 2 Arrow Draw your arrow heads (single- arrowhead for individual forces, double-arrow head for resultant force) 3 Label Label your arrows with the appropriate magnitude with units (e.g.