ASRJC 2024 H2 Chem Intro to Organic Chem Notes

2024 JC1 H2 Introduction to Organic Chemistry ©2024ASRJC/CHEM 1 ANDERSON SERANGOON JUNIOR COLLEGE JC1 H2 CHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Important note: The Learning Outcomes (LOs) that are greyed out will be covered in subsequent Organic Chemistry chapters. Contents • Empirical, molecular and structural formulae • Functional groups and the naming of organic compounds • Common terms for organic reactions and reactivities • Shapes of organic molecules; σ and  bonds Learning Outcomes (LOs) Candidates should be able to: (a) interpret, and use the nomenclature, general formulae and displayed formulae of the following classes of compound: (i) hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes and arenes) (ii) halogen derivatives (halogenoalkanes and halogenoarenes) (iii) hydroxyl compounds (alcohols and phenols) (iv) carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) (v) carboxylic acids and derivatives (acyl chlorides and esters) (vi) nitrogen compounds (amines, amides, amino acids and nitriles) (b) interpret, and use the following terminology associated with organic reactions: (i) functional group (ii) degree of substitution: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary (iii) homolytic and heterolytic fission (iv) carbocation (v) free radical, initiation, propagation, termination (vi) electrophile (Lewis acid), nucleophile (Lewis base) (v) addition, substitution, elimination, condensation, hydrolysis (vi) oxidation and reduction [in equations for organic redox reactions, the symbols [O] and [H] are acceptable] (c) interpret, and use the following terminology associated with organic reactivities: (i) delocalisation (ii) electronic effect (electron–donating and electron–withdrawing effect) (iii) steric effect (steric hindrance) (d) describe sp3 hybridisation, as in ethane molecule, sp2 hybridisation, as in ethene and benzene molecules, and sp hybridisation, as in ethyne molecule (e) explain the shapes of, and bond angles in, the ethane, ethene, benzene, and ethyne molecules in relation to  and  carbon–carbon bonds (f) predict the shapes of, and bond angles in, molecules analogous to those specified in (e) (g) apply (b) and (c) to the understanding of mechanisms in terms of organic structure and bonding (h) recognise that the mechanism of polar reactions involve the flow of electrons from electron–rich to electron–poor sites References 1. Chemistry for Advanced Level, Cann and Hughes, Murray 2. Organic Chemistry, McMurry, Brooks/ Cole 3. Understanding Advanced Physical Inorganic Chemistry, Jeanne Tan and Kim Seng Chan

2024 JC1 H2 Introduction to Organic Chemistry ©2024ASRJC/CHEM 2 I. INTRODUCTION Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the study of compounds containing carbon. This includes the vast majority of carbon -containing compounds, except for compounds such as CO,