CHIJ SJC SS Issue 3 Chapter 11

© CHIJ SJC/ SS Unit (2024)/ Notes for Chapter 11 1 Secondary 4 Express/ Normal (Academic) Humanities - Social Studies Issue 3 - Chapter 11: How Can We Respond to the Security Impacts of Globalisation? Name: _______________________ ( ) Class: ____________ Date: ____________ Key understanding for Chapter 11 • Different responses of countries and individuals to the security impacts of Globalisation Learning goal for Chapter 11: • Students will be able to explain the security of globalisation on countries and on individuals. • Students will be able to describe the government’s and individual’s responses to the security impacts of globalisation. Key concepts for Chapter 11 • Security • Transnational terrorism • Cyber threats • Self-radicalised I am able to do the following: ▢ Explain, with valid examples, how transnational terrorism and cyber threats threaten the security of individuals and countries in a globalised. ▢ Explain, with valid examples, how individuals can respond to the security impacts of globalisation. ▢ Explain, with valid examples, how governments can respond to the security impacts of globalisation. ▢ Explain, with valid examples, why security impacts require the cooperation of countries.

© CHIJ SJC/ SS Unit (2024)/ Notes for Chapter 11 2 What are the security impacts of globalisation? As our world becomes increasingly interconnected and interdependent, many security challenges are not contained within a country’s borders. Instead, they are transnational in nature. Factor Description Impact/Outcome Transnational terrorism Terrorism • Terrorism is the intentional use of violence by individuals or groups to cause fear and intimidate others to achieve a political or social objectives, which are rooted in certain ideologies. Transnational terrorism • Transnational terrorism arises when terrorists take advantage of the conditions of globalisation and attack beyond their country’s borders to achieve their objectives and operations. With advanced communication and digital technologies, terrorist groups are able to communicate their objectives and coordinate their operations globally. • Some terrorist organisations have transnational objectives that are global in nature: o Al-Qaeda used the idea of a global “holy war” to encourage extremist Islamic groups in different countries to engage in terrorism. o ISIS seeks to establish an Islamic state with authority over Muslims throughout the world. • The transnational nature of terrorism has led some individuals to be influenced by extreme ideologies of terrorist groups through the Internet. These individuals are said to be self-radicalised. How are individuals / countries impacted? • Bombings can lead to immediate physical impacts, such as injuries, death and destruction of properties. • Economic losses incurred as businesses are disrupted and destroyed buildings need to be rebuilt. • Tensions and disunity among different communities as feelings of distrust and fear may develop. Cyber threats • Cyber threats refer to the unauthorized access to online information systems and data. • With advancements in digital technology, many of our daily activities are carried out online. The digital connectedness means that cybersecurity becomes a concern for countries, organizations and individuals. • Cyber threats have different impacts on various actors: o The more reliant actors are on digital information systems and connectivity, the more exposed they are to cyber threats. o Actors who are less familiar with technology (such as the elderly) may be more vulnerable to cybercrimes. How are individuals / countries impacted? • Hackers may steal valuable information publish the online, resulting in a loss of privacy for victims. • Businesses may try to steal trade secrets from other competitors for profit or political reasons. • Website defacements may be used to spread falsehood or mislead people.

© CHIJ SJC/ SS Unit (2024)/ Notes for Chapter 11 3 Responses to the security impacts of globalisation Factor Description (You may use either transnational terrorism or cyber threats as an example to illustrate these factors) Impact / Outcome Vigilance by individuals Transnational terrorism • Self-radicalised individuals, who are influenced by extremist materials online, do not necessarily belong to any gender, age, race, ethnicity, nationality, or socio- economic group. • This makes it hard to detect them until they carry out their attacks. • Individuals have to exercise vigilance by watching out for tell-tale signs of self- radicalisation in others and report them when necessary. Cyber threats • Cybersecurity becomes increasingly critical as the world becomes more digital. • Individuals have the responsibility to learn and take the necessary precautions to protect themselves online. • Individuals may not all be cybersecurity experts, but here are actions that they can take to protect themselves online (e.g. setting complex passwords, learning to differentiate authentic emails from scams). How important is the role of individuals in reducing the threat? • Individuals are in the best position to notice changes in the behaviour or character of those closest to them. • They should thus be vigilant and report to the relevant authorities when there are sufficient grounds for suspicion to save their loved ones from harming themselves and others. • Individuals are responsible to take the necessary preventive measures to ensure that they are protected online. Security measures by governments within their countries Transnational terrorism • Governments around the world employ border-management measures to prevent potential terrorist attacks. • Example: Monitoring and surveillance infrastructure for stricter security checks in land and sea borders, such as body and baggage scanners and X-Ray imaging equipment to ensure illegal items and weapons are not unlawfully brought into the country. • Example: The Internal Security Act (ISA) enables the Singapore government to act decisively and swiftly against threats. It allows authorities to impose preventive detention against individuals who pose a security threat to Singapore. How important is the role of governments in reducing the threat? • The role of the government is to ensure the safety and security of the country and its people. Thus, they bear the responsibility of ensuring that there are effective monitoring and surveillance infrastructure do deter potential attackers.

© CHIJ SJC/ SS Unit (2024)/ Notes for Chapter 11 4 Cyber threats • Governments can set up dedicated agencies with the expertise and resources needed to investigate and handle cybercrimes. • Example: The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA) was established in 2015 to oversee cybersecurity for the nation. Some of CSA’s objectives include: o Enabling a safer cyberspace: by raising the general level of cybersecurity for businesses and individuals through outreach programmes o Enhancing international cyber cooperation: by contributing to international efforts to fight cross-border threats. • Governments also have the resources and means to implement such measures to protect their borders. • Governments play an important role as they can coordinate the goals and approach to become a more cyber- resilient nation. Cooperation among countries Transnational terrorism • Given the global nature of the threat, countries can assist one another by sharing information on threats. • Example: The International Criminal Police Organisation (INTERPOL) is an inter-governmental organisation with 195 member countries to improve world safety. The Regional Counter-T