C12: The Reactivity Series (5088 COMBINED CHEMISTRY)

CHAPTER 12 REACTIVITY SERIES: Potassium (K) Sodium (Na) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Aluminium (Al) Carbon (C) Zinc (Zn) Iron (Fe) Lead (Pb) Hydrogen (H) Copper (Cu) Silver (Ag)

REACTIONS COLD WATER: - Potassium reacts very violently To form potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas - Sodium reacts violently To form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas - Calcium reacts readily To form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas - Magnesium reacts very slowly To form magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas - Zinc and BELOW no reaction occurs. STEAM: - Potassium, sodium, calcium react explosively - Hot magnesium reacts violently To form magnesium oxide and hydrogen gas - Hot zinc reacts readily To form zinc oxide and hydrogen gas - Red-hot iron reacts slowly To form iron oxide and hydrogen gas - Lead and BELOW no reaction occurs.

DILUTE HYDROCHLORIC ACID: - Potassium and sodium react explosively 2K(s) + 2HCl (aq) —> 2KCl (aq) + H2 (g) 2Na(s) + 2HCl (aq) —> 2NaCl (aq) + H2 (g) - Calcium reacts violently Ca(s) + 2HCl (aq) —> CaCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) - Magnesium reacts rapidly Mg(s) + 2HCl (aq) —> MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) - Zinc reacts moderately fast Zn(s) + 2HCl (aq) —> ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) - Iron reacts slowly Fe(s) + HCl (aq) —> FeCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) - Lead and BELOW no reaction occurs.

DEDUCING ORDER OF REACTIVITY OF METALS A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from its salt solution. - Fe > Cu - Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) —> FeSO4 (aq) A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from its oxide - Zn > Cu - Zn(s) + CuO(s) —> ZnO(s) + Cu(s)

METAL EXTRACTION EXTRACTED BY ELECTROLYSIS - Potassium (Na) - Sodium (Na) - Calcium (Ca) - Magnesium (Mg) EXTRACTED BY REDUCTION WITH CARBON - Zinc (Zn) - Iron (Fe) - Lead (Pb) - Copper (Cu) - Silver (Ag) E.G: 2ZnO (s) + C(s) —> 2Zn (s) + CO2 (g) — (NOTE: Carbon is a reducing agent) CONDITIONS FOR RUSTING: Iron + oxygen + water —> hydrated iron (III) oxide [rust!!] The presence of both oxygen (in air) and water are necessary for rusting to occur. BARRIER METHODS - Painting If paint is scratched, rusting will take place under the painted surface. - Oiling / greasing Layer of oil / grease must be renewed. - Coating with plastic If plastic layer is torn, iron will rust. - Chrome-plating Ultra 10000 protection