biology (homeostasis) - concept map for coordination and control

Co- ordination & Control voluntary action involuntary action homeostasisreflex actionimmediate response to a specific stimulus involving nerve impulses generated by the brain nervous control hormonal control deliberateunder conscious controlinvolve nerve impulses generated by receptorsnot under conscious control co- ordinated by brain or spinal cordalways co- ordinated by brain reflex arc co- ordinating response to a pin prick on the leg pain receptors in the skindetects the prick and generates nerve impulses sensory neuronetransmits nerve impulsesto the spinal cord in the spinal cord,nerve impulses pass a synapseto the relay neurone andanother synapse tothe motor neuronemotor neurone transmitsnerve impulses from the spinal cordto the effector muscles in the legleg muscles contract andwithdraw the leg from the pin for example maintenance of a constant internal environmentis the receptors to detecta change in theinternal environmenteffectors to carry out the corrective mechanismtriggering negative feedbackrestores the internal environment to set point and signal which that prevents over- correction byreducing intensity of requirescould be part of nervous controlnerve impulses are electrical in nature nervous control is fast- actingnerve impulses are transmitted along neurones nervous control is localisednervous control is short- lived hormones are chemical in nature hormonal control is slow- actinghormones are transported via the bloodstream hormonal control is widespreadhormonal control can be short- lived or long term hypothalamus detectdecrease in blood temperature arterioles under the skin to vasoconstrict;decreasing blood flow to capillaries near the skin;reducing heat loss via conduction, convection, radiation; sweat glands to secrete less sweat;less water evaporate from the skin;reduce heat loss as latent heat of vaporisation;skeletal muscles contact and relax uncontrollably in a shiver;increase rate of respiration to release heat to warm body up triggering negative feedback increases body temperature to set point and signal which hypothalamus co- ordinating thermoregulationfor example for example pancreas co- ordinating blood glucose regulation pancreas detectincrease in blood glucose concentrationstimulates liver cells toincrease uptake of glucose from the bloodstreamconvert excess glucose into glycogen for storage triggering negative feedback decreases blood glucose concentration to set pointwhich secretes insulin that that prevents over- correction by reducing the intensity of the corrective mechanismthat reduces the secretion of insulin pancreas detect decrease in blood glucose concentrationstimulates liver cells toconvert glycogen stores into glucosegluconeogenesisrelease glucose into the bloodstream triggering negative feedback increases blood glucose concentration to set pointwhich secretes glucagon that that reduces the secretion of glucogon hypothalamus detect increase in blood plasma water potential walls of collecting duct become less