ACSI 2025 Y6 Prelims P2 HLSL MS

1 Anglo-Chinese School (Independent) PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2025 IB DIPLOMA PROGRAMME YEAR 6 (IBDP 2) Geography Higher level & standard level Paper 2 SUGGESTED ANSWER SCHEME Wednesday 17 September 2025 1 hour 15 minutes Instructions to candidates • Write your class and candidate number on this cover page. • Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. • Section A: answer all questions. • Section B: answer the question. • Section C: answer one question. • Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided. • The accompanying geography resource booklets are required for this examination paper. • The maximum mark for this examination paper is [50 marks]. Class: …………………………………. Candidate number 0 0 2 3 2 9 Marks Section A /30 Section B /10 Section C /10 Total /50 _________________________________________________________

2 Section A Answer all questions. Answers must be written in the boxes provided. When relevant, answers should refer to case studies or examples, and where appropriate include well-drawn maps or diagrams. 1. Changing population The graph shows observed and projected old-age dependency ratios from 1950 to 2100, in percentage. (a) State the old-age dependency ratio for Asia in the year 2000. [1] 10% (b) State which region has the greatest projected increase in old-age dependency ratio between 2010 and 2040. [1] Latin America/Caribbean [from about 10% in 2010 to about 35% in 2040].

3 (c) Explain one reason why the old-age dependency ratio of a region could decrease. In each case award [1] for identification of a valid reason with a further [1] for development/exemplification. For example: • Increased inward migration of working-age adults [1], e.g. Gulf states attract large numbers of young migrant workers, lowering the proportion of elderly dependents [1]. Other possibilities include: • Higher birth rates increasing the proportion of working-age people. • Later retirement age keeping more older people economically active. • Outward migration of elderly people to other regions/countries. • High mortality rates among elderly populations reducing their proportion. • Improved healthcare for younger age groups increasing their share of the population. [2] (d) Suggest one way in which a demographic dividend can bring economic benefits to a country. Award [1] for a valid economic benefit and [1] for development (at a national level). Possibilities include: • The “bulge” in the adult population leads to a high number of economically active people paying taxes [1], benefitting the overall economy / GDP of the country [1]. • More economically active adults than elderly dependents [1] means that less governmental tax income will go towards e.g. pensions/care homes [1]. • A lower number of young dependents than economically active people [1] will incur less cost for education [1]. • More people in the economically active sector gives a market for goods/services [1] this will stimulate industrial activity [1]. • Increase in labour supply [1] attractive for MNCs/industrial investment/boost to national productivity. [2] (e) Explain one political and one environmental push factor which lead to forced migration. Award [1] for the specific political or environmental push factor and [1] for development/exemplification explaining how it leads to forced migration. For example: • Political: Civil war or armed conflict [1], e.g. in Syria, violence and insecurity have forced millions to flee to neighbouring countries [1]. • Environmental: Crops fail due to prolonged drought [1], leading to food insecurity and loss of livelihood, forcing people to migrate [1]. [2+2]

4 Other possibilities include: Political • Political persecution or discrimination against minority groups. • Oppressive government policies or human rights abuses. • Forced conscription into armed forces. Environmental • Homes destroyed by extreme weather events such as cyclones. • Sea level rise flooding low-lying coastal areas. • Wildfires destroying settlements and agricultural land. 2. Global climate – vulnerability and resilience Refer to the map on page 2 of the accompanying resource booklet. The map shows the locations and apparent temperatures (heat index) recorded in selected South-east Asian cities during an extreme heatwave event in 2024. (a) Describe the distribution of the apparent temperatures (heat index) in South-east Asian cities on 30 April shown in the map. Describe the distribution of the apparent temperatures (heat index) in South-east Asian cities on 30 April shown in the map. [2] Award [1] for a valid description of the overall pattern and [1] for development with specific supporting data. For example: • Highest apparent temperatures are in mainland South-east Asia [1], e.g. Vientiane at 47°C, Phnom Penh at 44°C and Bangkok at 43°C [1]. Other possibilities include: • Coastal and island cities generally record lower apparent temperatures, e.g. Kuala Lumpur at 38°C, Singapore and Jakarta at 40°C. • Inland cities tend to have higher apparent temperatures than coastal ones. • Temperatures above 40°C are recorded in most locations except Kuala Lumpur. • Northern mainland cities (e.g. Hanoi, Vientiane) experience higher values than southern island locations. [2] (b) Suggest two human factors that can increase vulnerability to extreme heat events in South-east Asia. Award [1] for a valid human factor and a further [1] for development. Do NOT award a mark for physical factors. For example: • Lower income levels [1], as poorer households may not be able to afford air conditioning or heat-resilient housing, increasing risk of heat-related illness [1]. [2+2]

5 • Occupation of the population [1], e.g. agricultural and construction workers are exposed to high outdoor temperatures for long hours, raising the risk of heat stress [1]. Other possibilities include: • High population density in urban areas increasing the urban heat island effect. • Ageing populations being more physiologically vulnerable to heat. • Limited public awareness or education on heat-health risks. • Inadequate government investment in heat-mitigation measures such as shaded public spaces. • Gender profile/women more vulnerable due to unequal access to resources or healthcare. • Populations displaced or in conflict situations with limited shelter or cooling access. (c) Explain one government-led strategy and one civil society-led strategy to reduce the causes of global climate change. Award [1] for a valid strategy and a further [1] for development/exemplification explaining how it reduces the causes of climate change. For example: • Government-led strategy: Implementation of carbon taxes [1], e.g. Singapore’s carbon tax of S$25 per tonne in 2024 incentivises companies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions [1]. • Civil society-led strategy: Campaigns to promote plant-based diets [1], e.g. WWF’s “Meat Free Monday” reduces demand for livestock farming, which lowers methane emissions [1]. Other possibilities include: Government-led • Subsidies for renewable energy projects. • Mandating fuel efficiency standards for vehicles. • Banning coal-fired power stations. Civil society-led • NGO-led reforestation programmes. • Public awareness campaigns on energy conservation. • Community solar power cooperatives. [2+2]

6 3. Global resource consumption a