TJC 2025 Introduction to Organic Chemistry Notes (Student)

1 Temasek Junior College Integrated Programme Year 4 Chemistry Topic 10.1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry Notes Name: Class: Date: Learning objectives At the end of this notes, you must be able to: (a) name natural gas, mainly methane, and crude oil as non-renewable sources of energy (b) describe crude oil as a mixture of hydrocarbons and its separation by fractional distillation to yield fractions which have competing uses as fuels and as a source of chemicals (c) describe biofuel (exemplified by bioethanol from sugarcane) as a renewable alternative to natural gas and crude oil (d) describe how biofuel, when compared to fossil fuels, can be more environmentally sustainable in terms of carbon dioxide emission (e) interpret, and use the nomenclature, general formulae and displayed formulae of the following classes of compounds: (i) hydrocarbons (alkanes and alkenes) (ii) halogen derivatives (halogenoalkanes) (iii) alcohols (iv) carboxylic acids and esters (f) interpret, and use the following terminology associated with organic reactions: (i) functional group (ii) addition, substitution, elimination, condensation, hydrolysis (iii) oxidation and reduction [in equations for organic redox reactions, the symbols [O] and [H] are acceptable] (g) describe constitutional (structural) isomerism Useful references: Books 1. A-level Chemistry (E. N. Ramsden) 2. A Self-Study Guide to the Principles of Organic Chemistry, Jiben Roy 3. GCE ‘O’ Level Chemistry Matters (Y.T. Tan, L. K. Chen, J. Sandler & E. Clare) Websites 1. Virtual Text of Organic Chemistry (William Reusch, Michigan State University): https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/textindx.htm 2. Chemguide (Jim Clark): http://www.chemguide.co.uk/orgmenu.html 3. Basic IUPAC Organic Nomenclature (Ian Hunt, University of Calgary): http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/WebContent/orgnom/index.html

2 Topic Outline 1 Introduction 1.1 Importance of Organic Chemistry 1.2 Unique Bonding Nature of Carbon 2 Primary Sources of Organic Compounds 2.1 Crude Oil and Natural Gas 2.2 Separating Crude Oil via Fractional Distillation 2.3 Catalytic Cracking 2.4 Usage of Fossil Fuels 2.5 Biofuel as Alternative Fuels 3 Classes of Organic Compounds 3.1 Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds 3.2 Functional Groups and Homologous Series 4 Representations of Organic Compounds 5 Nomenclature (Naming) of Organic Compounds 6 Types of Organic Reactions 7 Isomerism 7.1 Constitutional Isomerism 7.1.1 Chain Isomerism 7.1.2 Positional Isomerism 7.1.3 Functional Group Isomerism

3 1 Introduction • Organic chemistry involves the study of the structures, reactions, syntheses and properties of carbon-containing compounds. • Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing ___________________________. • No