6092 O-Level Chemistry Complete Notes (Ch 1-22) Version 1

CAMBRIDGE O-LEVEL · CHEMISTRY 6092 O-Level Chemistry O-Level Chemistry Complete Personalised Revision Notes — Chapters 1 to 22 Compiled and structured personal revision notes, covering the full O-Level Chemistry syllabus from Experimental Chemistry through to Maintaining Air Quality, for end-to-end self-study. H C cyclohexadienyl radical

Table of Contents Table of Contents ◯ The Periodic Table of Elements (reference chart) 3 1 Experimental Chemistry 4 2 Kinetic Particle Theory 11 3 Atomic Structure 15 4 Chemical Bonding – Ionic Bonding 20 5 Structure and Properties of Materials – Covalent & Metallic Bonding 24 6 Chemical Formulae, Equations & Stoichiometry 31 7 The Mole Concept 33 8 Acids and Bases 38 9 Salts 44 10 Ammonia 46 11 Qualitative Analysis 48 12 Oxidation and Reduction 52 13 Electrochemistry 55 14 The Periodic Table 59 15 The Reactivity Series (Metals) 64 16 Chemical Energetics 68 17 Rate of Reaction 71 18 Fuels and Crude Oil 73 19 Hydrocarbons 77 20 Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids & Esters 82 21 Polymers 87 22 Maintaining Air Quality 90 ✦ Appendix A — Key Definitions 95 ✦ Appendix B — Complete Equation Reference 107

Chapter 1: Experimental Chemistry Chapter 1: Experimental Chemistry Measurement, gas collection/drying, separation techniques, and purity 1.1 | Measurement of Physical Quantities 1.1 | Measurement of Physical Quantities Measuring Time Measuring Time A stopwatch is used to measure time. The SI unit for time is the second (s) second (s) ; minutes (min) and hours (h) may also be used. Depending on the type of digital stopwatch, readings can be taken to 2 decimal places (e.g. 20.01 s). Table 1.1.1 — Precision and uncertainty of digital stopwatches Precision / s Uncertainty / s D.P. Example reading / s 0.1 ±0.1 1 28.1 0.01 ±0.01 2 28.00, 28.11 Ⓘ Ⓘ NOTE — PRECISION VS UNCERTAINTY Precision is set by the smallest division on the instrument. Uncertainty of measurement is the range within which the true value could lie. If a stopwatch reading of 28.00 s has an uncertainty of ±0.01 s, the true value lies between 27.99 s and 28.01 s. Measuring Temperature Measuring Temperature A thermometer (alcohol or mercury) is used to measure temperature, read to the nearest 0.5°C. The SI unit is the kelvin (K) kelvin (K) ; degrees Celsius (°C) is also commonly used (K = °C + 273). A datalogger connected to a temperature sensor datalogger connected to a temperature sensor can also be used. Advantages over a thermometer: More accurate than an alcohol/mercury thermometer Can record data continuously over a period of time Saves data digitally, which can be used to plot graphs/charts Table 1.1.2 — Precision and uncertainty of laboratory thermometers Precision / °C Uncertainty / °C D.P. Example / °C 1 ±0.5 1 23.0, 23.5 Measuring Length Measuring Length A metre rule or measuring tape is used. SI unit: metre (m) metre (m) . Other units: mm, cm, dm. Table 1.1.3 — Precision and uncertainty of a metre rule Precision / mm Uncertainty / mm D.P. Example / m