GEL TOPIC 2

GEL TOPIC 2 2.1 SUSTAINABLE URBAN NEIGHBOURHOODS Key Points: ● Sustainable development = meets present needs + ensures future generations can meet own needs ● Economic + social sustainability ← population density, small pop. size for interaction ● Environmental sustainability ← protection for nature, waste minimisation/recycling, energy/water-efficient design What is development? = economic, social & political process → improves standard of living ● Countries classified by level of development based on: ○ Economic indicator: GDP per capita ○ Social indicators: Life Expectancy & Adult Literacy Rate What is sustainable development? = development that: ● Meets needs of present pop. by achieving high standards of living for all ● Ensures ability of future generations to meet own needs ● 3 key aims: economy, environment, society ● Overfocus on one dimension → others overlooked ○ Eg: govt prioritises economic growth → env. neglected/destroyed → biodiversity loss, deterioration of quality of env. for present + future ● Approach varies by place & time; not always balanced — greater emphasis may be placed on one dimension over others depending on place UN Sustainable Development Goals — 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development = shared goal: achieve high standards of living + peace for current & future generations

Concepts: Standard of living = measure of consumption of goods/services by individual/group. Economic sustainability = ensure all humans enjoy prosperous, fulfilling lives + economic progress occurs in harmony w/ nature. Social sustainability = ensure societies inclusive & resilient, residents have a voice. (Urban) Neighbourhood = sub-division of urban area distinguished by characteristic/quality, residents share commonalities. Environmental sustainability = sustainably manage natural resources + urgent action on climate change to support needs of present + future generations How can urban neighbourhoods achieve economic and social sustainability? 1. Economic sustainability ● ↑ population density → support local businesses + keep transport/infrastructure costs low ● Local businesses sustain themselves — sufficient demand for goods & services ● Residents take up employment at shops → ↑ income → ↑ standard of living [demand goods & services → jobs open to residents → increase in income] ● Transport & infrastructure costs kept low — buildings close together → don't need to travel far → ↓ transportation costs ○ Eg: schools near integrated transport hub