nostril
pharynx
larynx/voicebox
trachea/windpipe
lungs
ribs bronchus(plural:bronchi)
intercostal bronchiolesmuscles alveoli
diaphragm
PARTSOFTHERESPIRATORYSYSTEM
Inoseandnostrils
·
airentersthroughthenostrils
wallsofnostrilshavenasalhairandmucousmembranesthatproducemucus
FUNCTION
hairsandmucustrapdust,foreignparticles
mucuswarmsandmoistensair
sensorycellsinmucousmembranedetectsharmfulchemicals
2trachea
airwaythatliesinfrontoftheoesophagus routetakenbyairasweinhale:
tracheaissupportedbyC-shapedringsofcartilagetoensurethatthetracheaisalwayskeptopen throughnostrils
↓
pharynxlumen ↓C-shapedcartilage larynxlarynx ↓
trachea
_trachea bronchusbronchus
↓bronchidlesbronchidles
rightmain leftmain ↓bronchus bronchus alveolialveoli
3bronchidbronchicles
thetracheabranchesintotwotubescalledthebronchi
·
eachbronchusbranchesrepeatedlyandendsin
numerousbronchioles
eachbronchioleendsinaclusterofairsacscalledalveoli
wheregaseousexchangetakesplace
4epitheliumoftracheaandbronchi
·
themembraneintheinnerwallofthelumenofthe
tracheaandbronchiiscalledtheepithelium
consistsof2typesofcells1.glandcellssecretemucusthattrapsdustparticlesbacteriaintheairpassage2.ciliatedcellshavecilia,whichsweepthemucuscontainingdustparticlesin
bronchiandtracheaintothepharnyx
canbecoughedoutthroughthepharnyx
orbeswallowedintotheoesophagus
5alveoli·
thesitesofgasexchange·
numerousalveoliarefoundinthelungs·
eachalveclusissurroundedbyanetwork
ofbloodcapillaries
10110tothodueasasedtovolsitytuattaNonselle &0oidwine4y11081184!2014010204destomohbdngundedand154184410n
8001dwivent110811eyivaglyodedhtecagedescanblys41b4418n.
<ป
Sadd/1840poolytoconten29pagnieddes siscipauleneed.
#
1100118toS1bJann41NelsontoWif1144.
1100118totooQuew
#
#ป
#
1100118
#
⊥1d13/dNownotpedanyonof1nagends&God esobinodomaina'sevelenydiveg11eseodamtedealent#
theSSe11No181114350111YOS1011418DN
%
5a118/11.
030244&%00019enyvaantaddetasSi201401)
bondequevagarodesthaigedehitectadanose
<
2014018neadeetealestradossandiaequenaddleto
&Hentuaanossandleseyseuelauyef6ale01f20014.
&151460desoleto110011eanteabuenased.
1841148441449144047S49
HOWISOXYGENABSORBEDFROMTHELUNGSINTOBLOODANDINTOCELLSOFTISSUES?
1.alveolaraircontainsahigherconcentrationofoxygenthanthebloodplasma
2.oxygendissolvesinthethinfilmofmoistureintheinnerwallofthealveolus
andthendiffuseintobloodcapillaries33oxygencombinesreversiblywithhaemoglobininredbloodcellstoformexyhaemoglobin4.Whenbloodpassesthroughoxygen-poortissues,theexyhaemoglobinreleasesoxygen5.whichwilldiffusethroughthewallsofthebloodcapillariesintothecellsofthetissues
BREATHING·
partofthegasexchangeprocess
·
referstothemuscularcontractionsandmovementoftheribswhichresultinair
movinginandoutofthelungs·
breathingmovementsconsistofCphases:
Itakinginofaircalledinhalationorinspiration
2.givingoutofaircalledexhalationorexpiration
STRUCTURESWITHINTHETHORACICCAVITY
·
thethoraciccavityisthespaceinthebodythatisprotectedbytheribcage,aswellastheassociatedskinandmuscles
Isetsofintercostalmusclescanbefoundbetweentheribs·
theintercostalmusclesandthediaphragmattheribcageenablethechangein
volumeofthethoraciccavity
6intercostalmuscles
·
externalintercostalmusclesandinternalintercostalmuscles
arefoundbetweentheribs
⊥theyareantagonisticmuscles
7diaphragm·
foundbelowthorax
madeupofadome-shapedsheetofdiaphragmmuscles
·
whendiaphragmmusclescontract,diaphragmflattensdownwards·whendiaphragmmusclesrelax,diaphragmarchesupwardsandbecomesdome-shaped
BREATHINGININSPIRATION
·
diaphragmmusclescontract,diaphragmflattensdownwards·
externalintercostalmusclescontract,internalintercostalmusclesrelax·
ribsswingupwardsandinwards
volumeofthoraciccavityincreases
⊥decreasesairpressureinthelungs
⊥atmosphericpressureisnowhigherthanthepressurewithinthelungs
⊥causesairfromtheatmospheretobeforcedintothelungs
BREATHINGOUTEXPIRATION
·
diaphragmmusclesrelax,diaphragmarchesupwardsandbecomesdome-shaped
·
externalintercostalmusclesrelax,internalintercostalmusclescontract
ribsswingdownwardsandinwards·
volumeofthoraciccavitydecreases
⊥increasesairpressureinthelungs⊥atmosphericpressureisnowlowerthanthepressurewithinthelungs⊥thiscausestheairinlungstobeforcedoutofthelungs
SMOKINGEEFFECTSOFTOBACCOSMOKE
majortoxiccomponentsoftobaccosmoke
·
nicotineisanaddictivedrug,thatcauses
addictiontosmoking
nicotineincreasesthechancesofbloodclotin
nicotinebloodvessels,increasingtheriskof
coronaryheartdisease
·
nicotinecausesthereleaseofthehormone,
adrenaline,whichincreasesheartrateand
bloodpressure
·
carbonmonoxidebindsirreversiblywith
haemoglobininredbloodcellstoform
carboxyhaemoglobin
carbon ⊥reducestheabilityofhaemoglobintobindmonoxidetooxygenandreducestheefficiencyof
oxygentransport
carbonmonoxidealsoincreasestherisk
ofcoronaryheartdisease
· tarparalysesciliainairpassages
mucuscannotbesweptupinairpassage,soparticlesinmucuscannotberemoved
tar ⊥thiscanleadtoviolentandpersistent
coughing(chronicbronchitis
tarcontainscancer-causingchemicals
thatcauseuncontrolledcelldivisioninthe
lungs,increasingtheriskoflungcancer
irritant ·
paralysecilialiningintheairpassages
particles·
increaseriskofchronicbronchitisand
emphysema
DISEASESASSOCIATEDWITHSMOKING
1.chronicbronchitis
prolongedexposuretoirritantparticlesintobaccosmokeleadsto:
·
epitheliumliningofairpassagesbecomeinflammed,excessive
mucussecretedbyepithelium·
ciliaontheepitheliumparalysed⊥mucusanddustparticlescannotberemoved·
airpassagebecomesblockedandbreathingbecomesdifficult
persistentandviolentcoughingtoclearairpassages
2.emphysema
long-termpersistentandviolentcoughingmayleadtoemphysema
partitionwallsbetweenalveolibreakdownbecauseoftheforce
fromthecoughing
thisresultsindecreasedsurfaceareaforgaseousexchange
thelungslosetheirelasticityandbecomeinflatedwithair·
breathingbecomesdifficult,leadingtowheezingandseverebreathlessness
33lungcancer
·
carcinogens(substancesthatcancausecancer)intobaccosmoke
cancausemutationsintheDNAinlungcells
thiscauseslungcancer,whichisaresultofuncontrolleddivision
ofcellsinthelungs,producinglumpsoftissues(tumors)inlungs
RESPIRATION
theoxidationoffoodsubstanceswiththereleaseofenergy
inlivingcells
2typesofrespiration
1)aerobicrespiration(requiresoxygen
2)anaerobicrespiration(doesnotrequireoxygen)
bothtypesutiliseglucoseasarespiratorysubstrate
·
respirationusbreathing
1)respirationandbreathingaredifferentbutrelatedprocesses
2)respiration:oxidationoffoodmoleculeswithinlivingcells
toreleaseenergy
3)breathing:exchangeofgasesbetweenthebodyand
thesurroundings4)oxygenrequiredforaerobicrespirationistakeninwhen
webreathein;carbondioxideproducedisgivenout
whenwebreatheout
AEROBICRESPIRATION
⊥breakdownoffoodsubstancesinthepresenceofoxygenwith
thereleaseofalargeamountofenergy·
occursintheMitochondria·
duringrespiration,glucoseisoxidised, producingcarbon
dioxideandwater,andreleasingalargeamount
ofenergy
Iglucose+oxygen,carbondioxide+water
ANAEROBICRESPIRATION
⊥breakdownoffoodsubstancesintheabsenceofoxygen
anaerobicanaerobicrespirationrespiration
Ta ke splacein
slessefficient
thecytoplasm
hanaerobicofthecellrespiration;
lessenergyisreleasedduringanaerobicrespiration
inhumans,anaerobicrespirationcanhappeninmusclecells
duringvigorousexercise
·
inmusclecells,thisprocessproduceslacticacidand
releasesasmallamountofenergy
glucose, lacticacid
AEROBICANAEROBICRESPIRATIONINHUMANS·
therearemorevigorousmuscularcontractionsduringexerciseƑ
·
moreenergyisrequiredformorevigorousmuscularcontractions
·
so,ahigherrateofaerobicrespirationtakesplaceinmusclecells
1)glucoseisoxidisedatahigherratetoreleaseenergyata
higherrate·
breathingrateincreases:
1)oxygenistakeninatahigherrate,sothataerobic
respirationcantakeplaceatahigherrate,for
moreefficienreleaseofenergy -
duringexercise
2)carbondioxideisalsoremovedfromthebodyata
higherrate
·
heartrateincreases:
1)sooxygenandglucosecanbepumpedtothe
musclesatahigherrate
2)thisallowshigherrateofaerobicrespirationin
musclecells,toreleaseenergyfaster _
AEROBICANAEROBICRESPIRATIONINHUMANS
·
duringintenseorlongperiodsofvigorousexercise,oxygensupplied_
tomusclesisnotenoughtomeettheoxygendemand
amountofoxygentakeninisle
