transport in humans notes

compositionofblood:· bloodisthefluidthatistransportedaroundthebody cellularelements(45% %) Iplasma thefluidinwhichthecellularcomponentsofbloodaresuspendedin componentsofplasmainclude: 1waterasolventtocarryotherdissolvedsubstances 2.ionse.g.sodiumandpotassiumtomaintainthewaterpotentialofblood 33plasmaproteins4.solublenutrients "featureadaptation ' 55metabolicwaste presenceOfallowsittobindreversiblyto 6Gcarbondioxide naemoglobinoxygen,transportingitfromlungs 7..hormones tobodycells 2cellularelements morespacetocarrymore foundsuspendedintheplasmalackofnucleusnaemoglobin,allowingthesellstocarrymoreoxygen· cellularelementsofbloodinclude: increasesSA:Vratio,allowingI.redbloodcells biconcaveshapeOxygentodiffuseinandout 2.Whitebloodcells morequickly ' allowsittosqueezeinto33platelets elasticnarrowcapillaries redbloodcells · presentinverylargenumbers· containhaemoglobinthatbindsreversiblytooxygen-enablesbetotransportoxygenfrom lungstobodysells

whitebloodcells helpdefendthebodyagainstdiseases fewerwhitebloodcellsthanredbloodcells· twomaintypesofwhitebloodcells 1.lymphocyteswhichproduceantibodies · antibodiesareproteins· antibodiesbindtopathogensortheirtoxins, neutralisingthem antibodiesbindtopathogens,signalingthesurround,engulf,destroy< phagocytestoengulfthempathogens(phagocytosis)· thetoxinorpartofthepathogenthat antibodiesbindtoarecalledantigens. eachantibodyisspecificandonlybindsto acertainantigen platelets· fragmentsofcellsandareessentialinbloodclotting·whenthereisacut,theplateletsareattractedto thebreak,theytriggeraseriesofeventsthat convertsthesolubleplasmaprotein,fibrinogen,intoaninsolubleproteincalledfibrin· thefibrinstrandsformameshoffibres,trappingbloodcellstoformaclot· thispreventsfurtherlossofbloodandprevents pathogensfromentering

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4organrejection · patientswithadamagedorganmaybesaved byreceivingahealthyorganfromadonor however,ifthedonorisnotcloselyrelatedtothe patient,thepatient'swhitebloodcells mayrecognisetheantigensonthedonated organas'foreign'· thistriggersanimmuneresponseandthewhiteblood cellsattackthedonatedorgan,causingittofail· thisisknownasorganrejection· themoregeneticallysimilarthedonorand receipientare,thesmallerthechancesoforganrejection however,asnotwopeoplearegeneticallyidentical, organreceipientsusuallytakedrugstosuppresstheir immunesystemandlowertheriskoforganrejection· thedrugsarecalledimmunosuppressantdrugsand thereceipientmusttakethemfortherestoftheirlives · thesideeffectoftakingthesedrugslong-term isthatthepatientbecomesmorepropetoinfectionsbyotherpathogens 5bloodvessels 1)arteries STRUCTURE·wallsarethickandmuscular ⊥towithstandthehighbloodpressureofbloodforcedoutoftheheart -wallsarethickestinthearteriesnearesttheheart lumenofarteryisnarrowerthanthatofveins ⊥contributestohighbloodpressureinarteries wallofarteryiselastic ⊥allowsarterywalltostretchandrecoil,towithstandthehighbloodpressure FUNCTION transportbloodawayfromtheheart mostcarryoxygenatedblood

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MAJORBLOODVESSELSINTHEHUMANBODY < τ · arteries:transportbloodawayfromheart pulmonary· veins:transportbloodtowardsheart veinV 1pulmonary pulmonary:relatedtolungs artery ' renal:relatedtokidneys > · hepatic:relatedtoliver hepaticŦrenal vein THEHEART SCIRCULATIONOFBLOOD einƑ Lnepatic artery structureoftheheart · muscularpumpwhichworksviacontractionandrelaxation ~renal artery Oxygenated left blooddeoxygenatedright atriumbloodatrium left MAINBLOODVESSELSOFTHEHEART ventricle venacavatransportsdeoxygenatedbloodfromthe right restofthebody/otherthanthelungs)totheright ventricle atriumoftheheart aortatransportsoxygenatedbloodfromtheleftventricle totherestofthebodylotherthanthelungs pulmonaryarterytransportsdeoxygenatedbloodfrom therightventricletothelungs· mammalianheartisdividedinto4chambers· pulmonaryveintransportsoxygenatedbloodfrom 1)2upperchamberscalledatria(singular:atriumthelungstotheleftatriumoftheheart 2)2lowerchamberscalledventricles · rightandleftsideoftheheartseparatedbythemedianseptum ⊥preventsmixingofoxygenatedanddeoxygenatedblood,whichwill reducetheamountofoxygenatedbloodtransportedtotherestofthebody deoxygenatedbloodistransportedthroughtherightsideoftheheart. oxygenatedbloodistransportedthroughtheleftsideoftheheart. 1)rightatrium:receivesdeoxygenatedbloodfromtherestofthebody 2)rightventricle:pumpsdeoxygenatedbloodtothelungs 3)leftatrium:receivesoxygenatedbloodfromthelungs 4)leftventricle:pumpsoxygenatedbloodtotherestofthebody

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