JJC_H1_HISTORY_P1

1    JURONG JUNIOR COLLEGE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2014 HISTORY 8814/9731 Paper 1: International History 1945-2000 Thursday 28 August 2014 3 hours    READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST 1. Answer four questions. 2. You must answer Question 1 (Section A), and any three questions from Section B. 3. Enter the questions attempted in the table below. 4. Begin each question on a new sheet of paper. 5. At the end of the examination attach the cover page to the front of your answer scripts 6. Fasten all your work securely together. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. NAME: CLASS: This question paper consists of 5 printed pages (including this page & 1 blank page)

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3    Section A You must answer Question 1. THE UNITED NATIONS: ROLE OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL 1 Read the sources then answer the question. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the sources both individually and as a group. Source A 1. In the performance of their duties the Secretary-General and the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or from any other authority external to the Organization. They shall refrain from any action which might reflect on their position as international officials responsible only to the Organization. 2. Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to respect the exclusively international character of the responsibilities of the Secretary-General and the staff and not to seek to influence them in the discharge of their responsibilities Chapter XV Article 100, Charter of the United Nations Source B The other concept I proposed was “peace enforcement,” a rapid-reaction capability. Combat ready units provided by member states would fill the gap between traditional UN peacekeeping units-which were lightly armed, had the consent of all parties, and were not expected to fight- to maintain international peace and security. Such units from Member States would be available on call and would consist of volunteers. These troops would have to be more heavily armed than peacekeeping units and would need to undergo extensive preparatory training within their national forces. My idea at first sparked great interest, but soon it was ignored or declared or declared politically impossible. I called for as many countries as possible to make available up to one thousand troops each on a standby basis, so that operation could get under way in a few days rather than the two or three months that it now took. This readiness to act would itself be a form of deterrence or preventive diplomacy. This was not a radical call for a UN standing army but came from Article 43 of the Charter, under which all members of the United Nations “undertake to mak