MI PU2 H1 HISTORY

Class Adm No Candidate Name: This question paper consists of 4 printed pages. [Turn over 2014 Preliminary Examination 2 Pre-university 3 H2 HISTORY 9731/1 8814 15 September 2014 3 hours Additional Materials: Answer Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Begin each question on a fresh sheet of writing paper. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any THREE questions. All questions in this paper carry equal marks.

2 Section A You must answer Question 1. UN INVOLVEMENT IN BOSNIA - HEZERGOVINA 1. Read the following sources and then answer the question which follows. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of sources both individually and as a group. Source A 1. Decides to authorize an increase in the strength of United Nations Mission in Bosnia Herzegovina (UNMIBH) by 186 police and 11 civilian personnel, in the light of the recommendation of the Secretary -General concerning the role of the United Nations International Police Task Force (UN-IPTF) in Brcko contained in his report of 14 March 1997, and in order to enable it to carry out its mandate set out in Annex 11 of the Peace Agreement and resolution 1088 (1996) of 12 December 1996; 2. Acknowledges the importance of ensuring that the UN-IPTF is able to carry out all the tasks with which it has been entrusted, in particular those tasks set out in the conclusions of the London Conference and agreed by the authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and decides to consider expeditiously the recommendations of the Secretary-General concerning those tasks contained in his report of 14 March 1997; 3. Urges Member States, with the support of the Secretary -General, to provide qualified police monitors and other forms of assistance and support to the UN-IPTF and in support of the Peace Agreement; United Nations Security Council Resolution, 1997. Source B Twenty years have passed after the establishment of the first ad hoc Tribunal in the international relations and the tenth anniversary of entering into force of the Rome Statute by which the first permanent International Criminal Tribunal in Hague was established. The fact that the United Nations decided to create several ad hoc, hybrid and special tribunals, confirmed the determination of this world organization to ensure peace, security and respect for human rights in the world, by criminal prosecution of all the perpetrators of war crime s and crimes against humanity. Transitional ad hoc international criminal tribunals are relatively new legal mechanism in the international relations to enable rendering a final and decisive evaluation of their work and effects. Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) has welcomed the establishment of the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia , as a legal framework for ending the tragic period for all the peoples of BiH and is strongly committed to process all the crimes committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina and to have the perpetrators punished accordingly by the courts. Speech by the Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the General Assembly, 2013.

3 Source C The fall of Srebrenica became a damaging symbol of the United Nations' failure at peacekeeping in a new era of civil wars, and it demonstrated the inadequacy of a system that allowed political considerations to colour military decisions when troops were under the command of the United Nations. The fall of Bosnian Muslim “safe area” of Srebrenica and other towns that the Security Council had identified as safe areas, but then refused to authorize enough troops to defend, led four months later to the American -sponsored Dayton peace agreement and the introduction of a NATO -led international military force in Bosnia. While blame is widely distributed in the report, the self -examination of the United Nations' own record in Srebrenica breaks new ground by effectively condemning the orga nization's tendency to try to remain neutral in a civil conflict. Article in the New York Times, 1999. Source D The international community, under the aegis of a UN peacekeeping mission, has conducted a series of "may -work" and supposedly low -risk initiatives centred around a humanitarian intervention. That middle way is certainly more than doing nothing, yet it is profoundly short of the prolonged and expensive military intervention that would undoubtedly be required to effectively suppress the fig hting. The peacekeepers do not "create" or "cause" conflict resolution, they merely help belligerents to contribute to a more stable political and military environment that could conceivably lead to conflict resolution. The United Nations has written that the purpose of its military intervention in the former Yugoslavia is to control the conflict, fostering a climate in which negotiations between parties could be promoted, preventing the resumption or escalation of conflict, providing a breathing -space for the continued efforts of the peacemakers and supporting the provision of essential humanitarian assistance. Written by a former US Army officer and research scholar, 1995. Source E The United Nations itself has recently released reports documenting two of its worst stumbles. According to these confessions, U.N. peacekeepers in Rwanda stood by as Hutu slaughtered some 800,000 Tutsi. In Bosnia, the U.N. declared safe areas for Muslims but did nothing to secure them, letting the Serbs slaughter thousands in Srebrenica. The organization's meddling was worse than useless: its blue -helmeted troops were used as hostages by the Serbs to deter a military response from the West. Presumably, Secretary - General Kofi Annan -- who was head of the U.N.'s peacekeeping dep artment at the time -- hopes that an institutional mea culpa now will wipe the slate clean and allow the organization to play a more vigorous role in the future. An online magazine on current affairs, Council of Foreign Relations, 2000. Now answer the following question: How far do sources A-E show that the United Nations efforts in Bosnia-Herzegovina were doomed to failure in 1995 - 2000?

4 Section B You must answer THREE questions from this section. 2. How important was the Sovietisation of Eastern Europe as a cause of the Cold War? 3. Why did the Korean War turned into a hot war, but not the Cuban Missile Crisis? 4. “The problems of the post -1945 Japanese economy were Japanese in origin.” Discuss. 5. “Territorial concerns were the main source of disputation between the Arabs and the Israelis”. Assess this statement in relation to the period of 1945-2000. 6. “Extremism from both sides contributed significantly to the protracted nature of the Indo- Pakistani conflict.” Assess the accuracy of this statement. ___________________________________________________________________ Copyright Acknowledgements Question 1 Source A © United Nations Security Council Resolution, 1997. Accessed 15 August 2014. Question 1 Source B © Speech by the Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina H.E. Mr. Nebojsa Radmanovic at the 67th Session of the United Nations General Assembly Thematic Debate ‘Role of International Criminal Justice in Reconciliation’, 2013. http://www.un.org/en/ga/president/67/issues/icj/Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovi na%20Statement%20UNGA%20April%2010.pdf accessed on 18 August 2014. Question 1 Source C © Crossette, Barbara, “U.N. Details Its Failure to Stop '95 Bosnia Massacre.” New York Times, 1999. Question 1 Source