MI PU2 H1 HISTORY AnswerScheme

UN INVOLVEMENT IN BOSNIA - HEZERGOVINA How far do sources A-E show that the United Nations efforts in Bosnia-Herzegovina were doomed to fail? Sources L2/3 (Analysis) L4/5 (CK/CR) L4/5 (Tone/Provenance/Purpose/usef ulness) A C- The 1997 UNSC Resolution shows actions taken by UN to ensure that the International Police Task Force can carry out its tasks in Bosnia, such as increasing the staff strength of UNMIBH. B: Shows that even when the UNSC resolutions were passed, it does not mean that the necessary actions were taken by member states to enforce the resolution. The Resolution merely stated the plan of action recommended by the UNSC. It did not show the outcomes of the actions taken, so it is not sufficiently useful for us to evaluate of the efforts were doomed to fail. Purpose of the resolution is to express the will and opinion of the Security Council members , so it is likely to be a reliable source of information about the efforts made by the UNSC to ensure that the earlier efforts of the UN (its mandate set out in 1996 resolution 1088) would be successful B S- Despite the UN Resolutions and invocations of Chapter VII, there was little improvement to the situation because the European powers and the US did not provid e the necessary additional troops to make the operation effective C- Support B’s claim that there were inadequate troops provided to make the operation effective: there was inadequate troops to defend the Bosnian Muslim “safe area” of Srebrenica and other towns Academic journal - likely to have the relevant expertise to assess the contributions of UN in Bosnia, vested interest to tell the truth in order to protect his professional reputation Article is meant for an academic audience and is likely to go through rigorous fact -finding and checking C S- UNSC allowed political considerations to colour their military decisions, which is seen in the inadequate support providing in enforcing peace in the safe areas for Bosnian Muslims B- Biasness of C further highlighted when CR with B, which shows that it was the European powers and US’ reluctance to provide the necessary additional troops that made the operation effective E- supports C’s claim that the fall of Sebrenica was a damaging symbol of UN’s failure at peacekeeping in the era of civil wars, such that even from UN’s perspective, Sebrenica was one of “its worst stumbles” News article written from US perspective Article is biased in favour of US and European powers by highlighting the contributions of US, such as the “American - sponsored Dayton peace agreement” and “NATO -led international military force” and laying the blame on the UN despite the fact that the report that it is writing about is distributed the blame widely Sensationalised the news: “damaging symbol” of UN’s failure, sarcastic tone which noted how self-examination by UN “breaks new ground” it admitted that the tendency to try to remain neutral in a civil conflict is the main cause of failure

D S- Doomed to fail because prolonged military intervention was required to effectively suppress the fighting but not carried out B- Biasness of C further highlighted when CR with B, which shows that it was the European powers and US’ reluctance to provide the necessary additional troops that made the operation effective. D totally laid the blame on the UN and ignored the fact that it was the member states, particularly the US, who refused to provide the necessary means required for UN to achieve the ends Written from US perspective and is likely to be biased in favour of US, given that he was a former US Army officer and is likely to have strong loyalty to the state Research scholar: have relevant expertise to perceive the situation, given that it was written for a public policy research organization, the audience is likely to be policymakers and scholars , thus the extract is likely to be factually accurate Evaluation of UN is too harsh and shows hints of sarcasm: calling UN intervention as “may-work” which is “certainly more than doing nothing” E S- Doomed to fail because the unarmed peacekeepers had no peace to keep and ended up as hostages C- supports C’s claim that the fall of Sebrenica was a damaging symbol of UN’s failure at peacekeeping in the era of civil wars D, B: supports the harsh judgment of the UN peacekeeping efforts in Bosnia-Herzegovina Online magazine on current affairs: purpose is inform public on developments in current affairs so likely to be factually accurate Tone is however exaggerated and overly harsh, probably to attract readership: “worst stumbles”, “meddling was worse than useless”

2. How important was the Sovietisation of Eastern Europe as a cause of the Cold War? Topic: Origins of the Cold War Assumption: 1. It was the Sovietization of Eastern Europe that caused the Cold War Students will be expected to show knowledge and understanding of the causes of the Cold War in Europe 1945 –49 and to deploy this in order to reach a conclusion regarding the validity of the hypothesis. Essentially, the question supports the traditional school. Define: Cold War: The Cold War is the term given to the conflict that existed between the USA and USSR after the Second World War, which involved economic measures, non -cooperation and propaganda but no direct armed fighting between the two sides. Sovietization of Eastern Europe: Sovietization of Eastern Europe refers to the attempts by Stalin to strength en Soviet hold over Eastern Europe and was carried out through the creation of Cominform (1947) and Comecon (1949). Sovietization of Eastern Europe: Students could refer to the traditional perspective and note how Stalin’s takeover of Eastern Europe was evident of Soviet imperialism and how the Sovietization of Eastern Europe through Cominform and Comecon contributed to the division of Europe in 1949. Students could argue that Stalin and the Soviet leadership had plans to expand communist influence across Europe beyond the boundaries of the USSR and that their motives were expansionist (e.g. his breaking of the Potsdam promises, his actions in Eastern Europe, th e Berlin Blockade etc.). Thus, Stalin deliberately provoked tension with the US through his policies. Coupled with earlier events such as Stalin’s breaking of the Potsdam promises and his actions in Eastern Europe, it was natural that t he USA saw the occup ation and Sovietization of Eastern Europe as clear evidence of Soviet expansionism, which needed to be checked by initiatives such as the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. Long term causes: Students could argue that the Cold War had effectively started before the Sovietization of Eastern Europe in 1947 and that Sovietization was merely a confirmation of the trend . Students could note the historically uneasy relationship between America and B olshevik Russia, such as the hostile responses of the Western allies during Russian Revolution and Civil War, and lingering suspicions from the Nazi -Soviet Pact. Given the long- term problems between capitalism and communism (tem porarily disguised during WWII) and the fact that the US-Soviet friendship during WW2 was an alliance of convenience, it was no wonder that the wartime alliance broke down due to suspicion, distrust and conflicting interests, once the common enemy, the Germans were defeated.

Wartime conferences and breakdown of the alliance : Students could note that in addition to the long terms causes, Soviet -US competition which emerged during the wartime conferences also set the stage for the conflict. Students could argue that while Yalta conference saw an atmosphere of conciliation and cooperation in which each nation gained what it sought most and made compromises on matters of vit