IJC H1 HISTORY P1

9731/01/IJC/SEP14 INNOVA JUNIOR COLLEGE JC 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2 in preparation for the General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 1 HISTORY Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 Additional Materials: Writing Paper 8814/01 22 September 2014 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your name and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black ink on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, answers for Section A and Section B should be fastened separately. Section B should be fastened with a cover page. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. This document consists of 4 printed pages. Innova Junior College [Turn over

9731/01/IJC/SEP14 2 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT 1 Read the Sources and then answer the question which follows. When answering Question 1, candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the sources both individually and as a group. Source A Following the wars of 1956, 1967 and 1973, the functions of the UNTSO military observers have changed from time to time in light of changing circumstances, but they remained in the area, acting as go -betweens for the hostile parties and as the means by which isolated incidents could be contained and prevented from escalating into major conflicts. UNTSO personnel have also been available at short notice to form the nucleus of some other peacekeeping operations worldwide. The availability of UNTSO's military observers for almost immediate deployment after the Security Council had acted to create a new operation has been an enormous contributory factor to the success of those operations. Extracts taken from the official UN Website, 2014. Source B But from the start, once Israel was created and on its way to stability, the UN was largely excluded from the politics of the issue. UN peacekeepers were stationed on the Israeli - Egyptian border, and UNRWA, the UN Refugee Works Agency was established to provide for the refugees until such time as they would return home, but there was little involvement of the UN as an institution in political decision -making. That process was largely dominated by the Security Council ’s powerful permanent members - and by the time of the 1967 war, the U.S., France, Britain and the Soviet Union were in charge. For years following the 1967 war, the UN voted over and over in favor of an international peace conference, under the auspices of the UN, with all parties to the conflict ( including the Palestine Liberation Organization which emerged as a serious force after 1967) to solve the Israel-Palestine conflict once and for all. But the U.S. always voted no. By about 1969, Britain and France, the former colonial powers of the Middle East but now colonial has-beens, had largely ceded influence to the Cold War’s main contenders, the U.S. and the Soviet Union. In the UN context, it was increasingly only Moscow and Washington who played a role in orchestrating and limiting the diplomacy. From an article by the Trans-Arab Research Institute, January 2001 Source C A senior United Nations official said today that Israel was trying to demonstrate that the United Nations was biased in favor of the Palestine Liberation Organization and hence unfit for peacekeeping in Lebanon.

9731/01/IJC/SEP14 3 The future United Nations role in Lebanon is becoming a major issue. Israel wants troops from the United States to replace the peacekeeping force in southern Lebanon and to patrol a 25 -mile-wide buffer zone along I srael's northern border. Officials of the United Nations, supported by most members of the Security Council, want to enlarge its role by placing military observers in Beirut between the P.L.O. and the Israeli army. If the present buffer zone in the south i s to be enlarged, they hope it will be filled by an international force. From an article in the New York Times, ‘Israel Tries to Vilify Peace Force, UN Aide Says’, July 1982. Source D Some European leaders appear to be receptive to the idea of sending a United Nations peacekeeping force to Israel’s administered territories. Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasir Arafat is expected to call for the dispatch of a full -scale international force to the West Bank and Gaza Strip when he addresses the U.N. Security Council here Friday. In Belgium, Foreign Minister Mark Eyskens welcomed the idea of a U.N. peacekeeping force and proposed that the European Community participate in its formation. His suggestion was favourably received in the Netherl ands. In Rome, the leader of Italy’s Communist Party, Achille Occhetto, called for E.C. sanctions against Israel and U.N. intervention. From an article by the ‘Jewish Telegraphic Agency’, a news agency serving the Jewish community, May 1990. Source E Over 60 years later, UNTSO is still in place but has been unable to encourage conditions conducive to long-term peace or fulfil the terms of its own mandate. UNTSO’s significance thus largely resides in its ability to support other peacekeeping efforts in the Middle East and elsewhere. As Boutros-Ghali suggested, UNTSO has benefited ‘from a kind of political benign neglect’ that has allowed it to remain in place throughout all of the region’s conflicts and offer other peacekeeping efforts the benefits of its considerable knowledge and experience. For instance, UNTSO personnel have been seconded to the various observer groups and peacekeeping operations in the Middle East as well as other UN field activities across the globe. In this sense, UNTSO’s primary limitation (its reliance upon consent) is also the source of its main strength (its durability). Had UNTSO enjoyed greater coercive powers it is unlikely that the parties to the conflict would have tolerated its presence. In addition, its loose mandate gave the mission a degree of flexibility, which reinforced the idea that each operation should be initiated on an ad hoc basis. From an academic study on UNTSO, 2010. Now answer the following question. How far do S ources A-E support the view that UN peacekeeping has been unab le to address the Arab-Israeli Conflict adequately from 1947-2000? [Turn over

9731/01/IJC/SEP14 4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 To what extent was Stalin’s paranoia responsible for the origins of the Cold War in Europe? 3 ‘The progression of the Korean War resided w ithin the hands of the Koreans.’ How far do you agree with this view? 4 How important was the role played by the Bretton -Woods system towards the growth of the global economy from 1945-1973? 5 ‘No one deserves more credit than Deng Xiaoping for the economic rise of China since the 1970s.’ Assess the validity of this assertion. 6 ‘The main reason for the failure to resolve the conflict over Kashmir was the rise of religious fundamentalism in the region.’ How far do you agree with this statement?