CJC H1 HIST QP

© © CJC 2014 HISTOR Paper 1 In No Additi o READ TH Write you Write in d Section A Question Section B Answer a INFORMA All questio Start each You are re CATH JC2 P RY nternational onal Materia HESE INSTR r name and ark blue or A n 1 is compu B ny 3 questio ATION FOR ons in this p h answer on eminded of Th HOLIC JUN PRELIMINA History, 194 als are requi RUCTIONS d home tutor black pen o ulsory. ons. R CANDIDA paper carry n a fresh sh the need fo his paper co NIOR COL ARY EXAM 45 - 2000 red. S FIRST rial group on on both side ATES equal mark eet of pape or good Eng onsists of 4 LEGE MINATION n all the wo es of the pap ks. r. glish and cle printed pag S 2014 rk you hand per. ear presenta es. d in. ation in your Tuesday, 2 1300-16 r answers. 8814 9731 26 August 00hrs (3 ho 4/01 1/01 2014 ours)

© CJC 2014 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. Section A You must answer Question 1. THE UNITED NATIONS AND PEACEKEEPING 1. Read the Sources and then answer the question which follows. Source A 119 (1956). Resolution of 31 October 1956 The Security Council, Considering that a grave situation has been created by action undertaken against Egypt. Taking into account that the lack of unanimity of its permanent members at the 749 th and 750 th meetings of the Security Council has prevented it from exercising its primary responsibility for the maintenance of inter-national peace and security, Decides to call an emergency special session of the General Assembly, as provided in General Assembly resolution 377 A (V) of 3 November 1950, in order to make appropriate recommendations. Adopted at the 751 st meeting by 7 votes to 2 (France, United Kingdom of great Britain and Northern Ireland), with 2 abstentions (Australia, Belgium). Taken from http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/ Source B We were all horrified by what was going on the ground. We felt impotent to stop it. We were deeply distressed, yes, but again I must insist that what you are saying is that we should have saved Rwanda from itself, in the words of the Secretary Gene ral - it was Rwandese who planned the genocide, it was Rwandese who carried it out. It was Rwandese who, sadly, were the victims. We happened to be there on a peacekeeping mandate. Our mandate was not to anticipate and prevent genocide. Our people on the ground; as I said, they ar e lightly equipped troops under a very courageous commander; they did the best they could. They saved lives. When the killing actually started, they could not save every life in Rwanda. Interview with Iqbal Riza, Chief of Staff to UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, 1995. Source C The Persian Gulf War made the Security Council f eel the glory of its own strength. The dramatic ejection of the Iraqis from Kuwait gave the Security Council an exciting confidence. The Persian Gulf expanded the horizon of the Security Council and, in fact , made election to it one of the grand prizes of UN membership.

© CJC 2014 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. The Gulf War, however, also had a troublesome side for the UN. The Security Council realized its potential and achieved the most when the United States decided to lead it. Americans acted as if the UN were their UN and at the slightest hint that it might not be theirs alone, Americans tended to turn their backs on the United Nations and shun it. The Persian Gulf War, United Nations: The First Fifty Years, Stanley Meisler, 1995. Source D With the Security Council blocked by Anglo-Frenc h vetoes, the General Assembly authorized a UN Emergency Force (UNEF I). The UN Emergency Force was the first major peacekeeping force to be set up by the UN. The situation in the Middle East in 1956 called for creative diplomacy: an enforcement force on the Korean model was impractical because of the involvement of the two Permanent Members of the Security Council with veto powers. The force had overseen the establishment of a cease-fire and the withdrawal of the adversaries and helped to ma intain stability between t he two countries. In all these areas, it can be judged a success. Excerpt adapted from ‘United Nations, Divided World, The UN’s Roles in International Relations’, 1993. Source E The UN’s success was dependent on the support of the superpowers, or in certain cases, their indifference. Often the UN had little choice but to remain ‘passive’ in the face of Soviet or U.S. aggression. In addition, when the UN did get involved in ‘peacekeeping’ operations it often had a negative impact on relations between the USA an d USSR. Peacekeeping missions often aggravated the tensions between the Soviets and the Americans. There was a generally accepted view that the Cold War had held the UN hostage and frustrated its ability to function effectively. However, this perception may have been an exaggeration, as during the post-Cold War era the UN has had similar problems of controlling the domination of the USA, and has shown itself limited in achieving collective security through military action. Perhaps the Cold War was a ‘smoke-screen’ and the fundamental weakness of the United Nations is, and always was, the unwillingness of states to hand over some degree of sovereignty to an international organization. Adapted from Rogers and Thomas, ‘20th Century World: The Cold War’, 2008. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A to E support the view that UN peacekeeping has been successful from 1945 to 2000?

© CJC 2014 This paper consists of 4 printed pages. Section B You must answer 3 questions from this section 2. Assess the view that USSR’s foreign policy was more of national security than the USA’s in the period 1945 to 1955. 3. “The masses, not the leaders ended the Cold War.” How far do you agree? 4. How far do you agree with the view that US dominance accounted for the development of the international economy from 1945 to 2000? 5. “China’s economic growth from 1978 to 2000 was primarily due to the policies of economic liberalization.” Discuss. 6. To what extent did the rise of religious fundame ntalism affect the intractability of the Kashmir conflict?