PJC H1 HISTORY P1

1 Candidate's Name : _____________________________ CT Group : ______ ` Index no.________ PIONEER JUNIOR COLLEGE History H1/H2 Paper 1 JC 2 Preliminary Exam 2014 H1 8814 H2 9731 Wed 24th September 2014 0800 – 1100 hrs INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: Answer Question 1 from Section A and 3 questions from Section B. Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided. If you use more than one sheet of paper, fasten the sheets together. Information to candidates: All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are reminded of the need for grammatically correct English and clear presentation in your answers. For official use Question No. Full Marks Marks Obtained ( 1 ) /25 ( ) /25 ( ) /25 ( ) /25 TOTAL: 100

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3 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-GENERAL 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A I hope the Council will understand that the Secreta ry-General must reserve his right to make such enquiries or investigations as he may think necessary, in order to determine whether or not he should consider bringing any aspect of this matter up to the attention of the Council under the provisions of the Charter. Trygve Lie, on sending an independent commission of inquiry to investigate alleged infiltration across Greece’s northern frontier, 20th Sept 1946, 70th Security Council Meeting Source B A Secretary-General needs at least minimal support from all the Permanent Members and all the major geographical groups in order to carry out the duties of his office adequately. The chances are that, if Hammarskjold had not died at Ndola, the Soviet boycott would have accomplished his political death as it did with Trygve Lie. His three successors in the Cold War years—U Thant, Waldheim and Perez de Cuellar —went out of their way, too far in my judgement, to avoid giving offence to major UN players, in particular the two superpowers. In Waldheim’s last years, I used to wonder whether the rubric about the ‘need to protect the Office’ had not been so rigorously followed as to render the Office scarcely worth protecting. Sir Anthony Parson, UK permanent representative at the UN from 1979 to 1982, in his book, ‘From Cold War to Hot Peace’, 1995. Source C The only Secretary -General really to have measured up to the great potential of the job was Dag Hammarskjold. His successors never came near to his stature. One historian of the United Nations has sharply observed: ‘U Thant was invisible: Kurt Waldheim was a liar: Perez de Cuellar was a man of whom the US ambassador to the UN, Vernon Walters, once said “he couldn’t make waves if he fell out of a boat”.’ William Shawcross, British journalist, writing his book, ‘Deliver us from Evil: Warlords and Peacekeepers in a World of Endless Conflict’, 2000.

4 Source D “…At present, the UN lacks independent sources of information; its means of obtaining up-to-date information are primitive by comparison with those of member states…To judge whether a matter may threaten international peace and security, the Secretary -General needs more than news reports and analyses made by outside experts…and he needs to be able to monitor developments world-wide. To enable the Secretariat to d o this would in no way alter the distribution of functions and powers between the principal organs of the UN. Strengthening the institutional basis of preventive diplomacy would not diminish the role of the Security Council: on the contrary, it would enhan ce its effectiveness. The Secretary-General is after all, a collaborator of the Security Council and not its competitor.” Adapted from a speech by Javier Perez de Cuellar, then UN Secretary-General, in Oxford, 1986. Source E Q. How much initiative do yo u think the Secretary -General has under the Charter with respect to critical situations involving peace? A. May I broaden the question in order to make it more difficult? Q. By all means. A. …Under the Charter the Secretary -General has a fairly well define d right of initiative, and I feel that in a situation of the kind you are describing he should use that right of initiative. But when I said that I wanted to broaden the reply, it is for this reason: I think that the right of initiative in a certain sense, informally, of the Secretary -General goes far beyond what is described in the Charter, provided that he observes the proper forms, chooses his approaches with tact, and avoids acting in such a way as, so as to say, counteract his own purpose…That is to sa y I recognise the responsibility going even beyond the Charter, but obviously subject to very many reservations. Dag Hammarskjold in his 1st New York News Conference, May 1953. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A-E support the view that the UN Secretary-General was unable to act independently from 1945 to 2000?

5 Section B Answer any 3 questions. 2) The formation of NATO was the key turning point in the development of the Cold War. Discuss this view with regard to the period 1945 - 1955. 3) To what extent was the Cuban Missile Crisis the result of superpower rivalry? 4) Assess the view that the phenomenal growth of the global economy from 1945 – 1973 was solely due to the actions of the US. 5) ‘China’s economic rise can primarily be attributed to its success in its reforms in agriculture.’ Discuss with reference to the period 1978 – 2000. 6) To what extent was the failure of the peace negotiations the most important reason for the lack of a lasting solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict by the year 2000? The End