TJC H1 HISTORY

This paper consists of 5 printed pages. © TJC 2014 TEMASEK JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2014 9731/01 3 September 2014 HISTORY HIGHER TWO 3 hours Paper 1 International History 1945-2000 . No additional materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and CG on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. All questions in this paper carry equal marks.

This paper consists of 5 printed pages. © TJC 2014 Section A You must answer Question 1. INTERNATIONAL LAW AND TERRORISM 1. Read the Sources and then answer the question which follows. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the Sources both individually and as a group. Source A We, the States Members of the United Nations, resolve: a) To consistently, unequivocally and strongly condemn terrori sm in all its forms and manifestations, committed by whomever, wherever and for whatever purposes, as it constitutes one of the most serious threats to international peace and security. b) To take urgent action to prevent and combat terrorism in all its form s and manifestations and, in particular: c) To consider becoming parties without delay to the existing international conventions and protocols against terrorism, and implementing them, and to make every effort to reach an agreement on and conclude a comprehensive convention on international terrorism; i) To implement all General Assembly resolutions on measures to eliminate international terrorism, and relevant General Assembly resolutions on the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism; ii) To implement all Security Council resolutions related to international terrorism and to cooperate fully with the counter -terrorism subsidiary bodies of the Security Council in the fulfilment of their tasks, recognizing that many States conti nue to require assistance in implementing these resolutions. d) To recognize that international cooperation and any measures that we undertake to prevent and combat terrorism must comply with our obligations under international law, including the Charter of the United Nations and relevant international conventions and protocols, in particular human rights law, refugee law and international humanitarian law. The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy plan of action, taken from the United Nations website.

This paper consists of 5 printed pages. © TJC 2014 Source B What is absent, however, is a definition agreed by all member states in the General Assembly rather than established by the Security Council. In practical terms the absence of an agreed definition detracts from the overall coherence of U N efforts, while also making it difficult to work towards comprehensive and comparable legislation at the state level. In political and normative terms, the absence of an agreed definition reflects concerns about motive, links to the question of causes. Ar e there, in fact, circumstances in which the use of terrorism is justified? Excerpt from an academic introduction to the United Nations, 2005. Source C Multilateral efforts, under the United Nations, focused on targeting whichever mode of terrorist violen ce was in vogue at the time. This sectoral approach allowed consensus to be formed around outlawing specific types of terrorist acts while sidelining the thorny, and still unresolved, issue of agreement on a definition of “terrorism”. So, in the 60s and 70s, the international community’s focus was on measures to deter hijacking and then hostage taking – particularly in relation to diplomats. Then the next phase was directed at suppressing bombings at airports or scenarios on board ships. Later, internationa l treaties to safeguard nuclear material; control plastic explosives… and in the 1990s to deter bombings in public places, were adopted. The twelfth and last in the set of UN treaties was adopted in 1999 and was directed against the financing of terrorism. In sum, then, it is not new for the international community to adopt global standards against terrorism but these were always responsive in nature, and sectoral in focus. Excerpt from a speech by a New Zealand diplomat on counter-terrorism efforts, 2005. Source D Since 1963, the international community has elaborated 14 universal legal instruments and four amendments to prevent terrorist acts. Those instruments were developed under the auspices of the United Nations and its specialized agencies and the Int ernational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and are open to participation by all Member States. In 2005, the international community also introduced substantive changes to three of these universal instruments to specifically account for the threat of terrorism. Currently Member States are negotiating an additional international treaty, a draft comprehensive convention on international terrorism. This convention would complement the existing framework of international anti -terrorism instruments and would build on key guiding principles already present in recent anti -terrorist conventions: the importance of criminalization of terrorist offences, making them punishable by law and calling for prosecution or extradition of the perpetrators; the need to eliminate legislation which establishes exceptions to such criminalization on political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or similar grounds; a strong call for Member States to take action to prevent terrorist acts; and emphasis on the need for Memb er States to cooperate, exchange information and provide each other with the greatest measure of assistance in connection with the prevention, investigation and prosecution of terrorist acts.. Adapted from the most current web page of the United Nations on its action to counter terrorism.

This paper consists of 5 printed pages. © TJC 2014 Source E ‘Terrorism’ currently lacks the precision, objectivity and certainty demanded by legal discussion. Criminal law strives to avoid emotive terms to prevent prejudice to an accused, and shuns ambiguous or subjective terms… If the law is to admit the term, advance definition is essential on grounds of fairness, and it is not sufficient to leave definition to the unilateral interpretations of states. Legal definition could lift terrorism from ideological traps, by sev ering an agreed legal meaning from the remainder of the elastic, political concept. Ultimately it must do so without criminalising legitimate violent resistance to oppressive regimes – and becoming complicit in that oppression. Excerpt from an article in an international law journal, 2005. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A -E support the view that the United Nations successfully dealt with international terrorism before 2000?

This paper consists of 5 printed pages. © TJC 2014 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2. “More than anything else, ideology was the chief cause of the start of the Cold War .” How far do you agree? 3. The United States benefitted more from the Korean War than the Soviet Union. Assess this view. 4. To what extent was the diminished global econo mic leadership of the United States the biggest problem of the global economy from 1970 to 2000? 5. How far were Japan’s economic problems in the 1990s caused by the consumption tax? 6. “The Indians have to bear the bulk of the responsibility for the continuatio n, up to 2000, of the dispute over Kashmir.” Discuss.