YJC H1 HISTORY P1

1 YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE YISHUN JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 Preliminary Examination 2014 H1 AND H2 HISTORY 9731/01 & 8814/01 INTERNATIONAL HISTORY 22/08/2014 PAPER 1 FRIDAY 0800h – 1100h Additional materials: 1 piece of cover page Writing paper TIME 3 hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name and CTG in the spaces provided on the cover page. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, please hand in your answers for Paper 1 with the cover page placed on top of the answer scripts. . INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES You are reminded of the need for clear presentation in your answers. Each question in this paper carries 25 marks. This paper consists of 4 printed pages

2 Section A You must answer question 1. THE UNITED NATIONS’ PEACEKEEPING ROLE IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA 1. Read the sources and then answer the question which follows. Source A The Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression and shall make recommendations or decide what measures shall be taken to maintain or restore international peace and security. Should the Security Council consider that measures not involving the use of armed forces would be inadequate, it may take action by air, sea or l and forces, as may be necessary, to maintain or restore international peace and security or undertake to make available to the Security Council armed forces’ assistance for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security. Nothing in the present charter prevents the existence of regional arrangements or agencies for dealing with such matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security as are appropriate for regional action, provided such arrangements and their activities are consistent with the purposes and principles of the UN. An excerpt from Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Source B After congratulating itself on a number of successes, the UN suddenly faced a series of catastrophic failures, and the international media did not hesitate to heap criticism on the organization. Somalia, Rwanda, and Bosnia are examples of the inability of the UN to cope with new and festering internal conflicts where the parties had no interest in finding a peaceful solution. The UN entered into conflicts without universal consent from the parties to the conflict. There were no ceasefires in place, and it became immoral to remain impartial in the face of genocide. The UN does not have its own army, not a rapid response mechanism and therefore is still dependent on the willingness and capacity of its Member States to deploy in crisis situations. This will continue to present problems for quick response or deployment into hostile environments because Member States will often refuse to send their soldiers under risky conditions. Article by Jean E. Krasno, former executive director of the Academic Council on the United Nations System and academic, 2004. Source C The end of the Cold War brought a time of hope and change and rising expectations for the United Nations. The Security Council authorized innovative and complex peacekeeping operations in El Salvador, Cambodia and Mozambique and played a major role in ending civil war and bringing peace. Peacekeeping operations, which are authorized by the Security Council, are a crucial instrument at the disposal of t he international community to advance international peace and security. In recent years, certain prerequisites for the success of peacekeeping operations have become increasingly clear. These include a genuine desire on the part of the combatants to resolve their differences peacefu lly; a clear mandate; strong political support by

3 the international community; and the provision of the resources necessary to achieve the operation’s objectives. Excerpt from the book, “Basic facts about the United Nations”, published by the United Nations, 1998. Source D According to classified documents made available for the first time, President Clinton’s administration knew Rwanda was being engulfed by genocide in April 1994, but buried the information to justify inaction. The documents undermine claims by Mr Clinton and his senior officials that they did not fully appreciate the scale and speed of the killings. ‘It’s powerful proof that they knew’, said Alison des Forges, a Human Rights Watch researcher and authority on genocide. In addition, it was discovered that a secret intelligence briefing, circulated to Mr Clinton, included daily reports on Rwanda. One report, dated 23 Apr il 1994, said that ‘rebels would continue fighting to stop the genocide which is spreading south.’ However, the administration did not use the word genocide, until 25 May. Ms des Forges said, ‘They feared the word genocide would generate public opinion which would demand some sort of action and they didn’t want to act.’ The administration did not want to repeat the fiasco of US intervention in Somalia, where US troops were sucked into the fighting. It also felt the US had no interests in Rwanda. Written by Rory Carroll for the Guardian newspaper in Britain, 31 March 2004. Source E Despite the tentative successes of the early nation-building missions, two particular conflicts in the 1990s tested the limits of what peacekeeping could achieve. In decaying Yugoslavia, the United Nations was faced with the disintegration of one of its founding members. This disintegration was accompanied by acts of brutality and bloodshed not seen in Europe since the end of World War II. The UN’s inability to achieve a peaceful solution and its apparent ineffectiveness even to protect innocent civilians strengthened critics’ arguments that the world body was not able to address the major conflicts of the current era. Likewise, in central Africa, the UN’s inactivity was blamed for the scope of the genocide that ravaged Rwanda in 1994. Moore and Pubantz, “The New United Nations: International Organisation in the Twenty-First Century”, 2006. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A-E support the view that the UN had failed in its peacekeeping efforts in the post-Cold War period?

4 Section B You must answer three questions from t