AJC H1 HISTORY P1

© Anderson Junior College 9731/01 & 8814/01 READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and PDG on all the work you hand in, including this cover sheet. Write the question numbers of the questions attempted on this cover page. Write in dark blue or black pen. Start each answer on a fresh piece of writing paper. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten the answer to each question separately , with this cover sheet attached on top of your answer to the first question. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. Name : __________________________________ PDG : __________________________________ This document consists of 5 printed pages, including this page. ANDERSON JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2014 Higher 2/1 HISTORY Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 No Additional Materials are required. 9731/01 8814/01 Mon 01 September 2014 3 hours Question No. Marks Section A 1 /25 Section B /25 /25 /25 Total Marks: /100

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3 © Anderson Junior College 9731/01 & 8814/01 Section A You must answer Question 1. UN PEACEKEEPING IN THE POST-COLD WAR WORLD 1 Read the sources carefully before answering the question. Source A On a visit to R wanda, President Clinton said, ‘ We come here today partly in recognition of the fact that we in the U.S. and the world community did not do as much as we could have and should have done to try to limit what occurred in Rwanda. ’ This implied that the U.S. had done a good deal but not quite enough. In reality the U.S. did much more than fail to send troops. It led a successful effort to remove most of the UN peacekeepers who were already in Rwanda. It aggressively worked to block the subsequent authorization of UN reinforcements. It refused to use its technology to jam radio broadcasts t hat were a crucial instrument in the coordination and perpetuation of the genocide. And even as, on average, 8,000 Rwandans were being butchered each day, U.S. off icials shunned the term ‘genocide’ , for fear of being obligated to act. The United States in fact did virtually nothing to try to limit what occurred. Indeed, staying out of Rwanda was an explicit U.S. policy objective. A political commentary in an American magazine, 2001. Source B In these past months a conviction has grown, among na tions large and small, that an opportunity has been regained to achieve the great objectives of the Charter - a United Nations capable of maintaining international peace and sec urity, of securing justice and human rights and of promoting ‘social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom' . Since the creation of the United Nations in 1945, over 100 major conflicts around the world have left some 20 million dead. The United Nations was rendered powerless to deal with many of these crises because of the vetoes - 279 of them - cast in the Security Council, which were a vivid expression of the divisions of that period. With the end of the C old War there have been no such vetoes since 31 May 1990, and demands on the United Nations have surged. Its security arm, once disabled by circumstances it was not created or equipped to con trol, has emerged as a central instrument for the prevention and resolution of conflicts and for the preservation of peace. UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Agenda for Peace, 1992.

4 © Anderson Junior College 9731/01 & 8814/01 Source C Many of the recent peacekeeping operations have been undertaken in situations of internal conflicts and failed states and these scenarios would have been traditionally off -limits during the Cold War. The end of the Cold War filled the Council with a new -world-order euphoria with peacekeeping successes in Namibia, El Salvador, and Cambodia. However, pressed by moral imperatives, the UN entered conflicts in Somalia and Bosnia without universal consent from the parties to the conflict. In attempts to preserve impartiality and avoid risks to peacekeeping personnel, the UN only emboldened aggressive tactics by parties who had no real desire for a peaceful solution. Not going on the offensive to protect safe areas in Bosnia enabled horrendous acts of brutal murder , yet going on the offensive to go after clan leader General Aidid in Somalia embroiled the UN and the USA in the conflict and set them up as targets. The UN was caught between a rock and a hard place. Extract from an academic book published in 2004. Source D A lack of pre-deployment planning, mobility limitations, restrictions on the use of force, the sparse availability of military intelligence from member states, and a lack of funding, have all bridled the capability of forces to carry out their mand ates. A peace enforcement force must be prepared to operate in a hostile atmosphere. So, one of the basic principles of peacekeeping -the use of force in self-defence-has to be considered. In July 1995, Serb forces overrun the UN -declared 'safe area' of Srebrenica and thousands of Muslim civilians were slaughtered in full view of the lightly armed United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) contingent whose mandate did not extend to the use of force to protect civilians. Another constraint to operations has been the issue of sovereignty. Globalisation and the rise of intra -state wars have diminished the power of states as players in conflicts, and the UN needs to adapt to this changing political landscape. Academic journal article written by a Turkish Defense Minister, 1999. Source E With the end of the Cold War, the strategic context for UN peacekeeping dramatically changed, prompting the organization to shift and expand its field operations from ‘traditional’ missions involving strictly military tasks, to complex ‘ multidimensional’ enterprises designed to ensure the implementation of comprehensive peace agreements and assist in laying the foundations for sustainable peace. Today’s peacekeepers undertake a wide variety of complex tasks, from helping to build sustainable institutions of governance, to human rights monitoring, to security sector reform, to the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants. Extract from the United Nations official website, 2008. Now answer the following question. How far do sources A -E support the view that the UN was largely a failure when it came to post - Cold War peacekeeping missions?

5 © Anderson Junior College 9731/01 & 8814/01 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2. How far would you agree that Stalin’s hold over Eastern Europe was responsible for the outbreak of the Cold War? 3. ‘The Korean War destabilised the Cold War.’ To what extent do you agree with this view of the impact of the Korean War on the Cold War? 4. ‘The rise of mixed economies was most significant in generating th e growth of the global economy.’ Discuss. 5. ‘The recovery of the Chinese economy was rooted in t he relinquishing of state control o ver the economy.’ Assess the validity of this statement with reference to the period 1978-2000. 6. Evaluate the view that the Indo -Pakistani conflict was largely dictated by the unchanging forces of nationalism.