VJC HISTORY P1

VICTORIA JUNIOR COLLEGE Preliminary Examinations HISTORY 8814/01 & 9731/01 Date: 14 September 2015 Duration: 3 hours vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee vviiccttoorriiaa jjuunniioorr ccoolllleeggee READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name, index number and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper, but start your answer for each question on a fresh piece of paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue and/or correction fluid. Answer FOUR questions in total. One from Section A and three from Section B. At the end of the examination, fasten and submit the answer scripts for Section A and Section B separately. Attach the cover page to the front of Section B. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. You are advised to spend no more than 45 minutes answering each question. You are reminded of the need for good English and legible handwriting in your answers. This question paper consists of 4 printed pages

VJC l History 8814/01 & 9731/01 l JC2 Preliminary Examination | 2015 2 Section A: The Political Effectiveness of the United Nations, 1945-2000 You must answer Question 1. THE SECRETARY-GENERAL AND UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the sources both individually and as a group. Source A Dag Hammarskjöld's plane crashed on September 18 on its way to Tshombe. He and all the others aboard perished. Then - and not till then - criticism of Hammarskjöld and UN policy in the Congo was silenced, but during the period from September 13 to 18, operations in the province of Katanga were severely criticized, this time in Western quarters, with the strongest assault coming from certain English Conservative newspapers. Dag Hammarskjöld was exposed to criticism and violent, unrestrained attacks, but he never departed from the path he had chosen from the very first: the path that was to result in the UN's developing into an effective and constructive international organization, capable of giving life to the principles and aims expressed in the UN Charter, administered by a strong Secretariat served by men who both felt and acted internationally. The goal he always strove to attain was to make the UN Charter the one by which all countries regulated themselves. His driving force was his belief that goodwill among men and nations would one day create conditions in which peace would prevail in the world. Presentation Speech by Gunnar Jahn, Chairman of the Nobel Committee, on the occasion of the posthumous award of the Peace Prize for 1961 to Dag Hammarskjöld. Source B When he starts his new term on Jan. 1 1987, Mr. Perez de Cuellar, 66 years old, will be the oldest person to have held the Secretary General's job. He will face most of the same international problems and regional conflicts that were there five years ago: the war in Afghanistan, the Iran -Iraq war, conflicts in Cambodia, Central America and southern Africa, and the Palestinian question. His critics charge he is overly cautious in a job that is ill defined and depends on the personality of its holder. His defenders say he is a stronger peacemaker and mediator than he is given credit for. Mr. Perez de Cuellar has drawn sharp criticism from the Israelis for his persistent calls for the removal of Israeli troops from Lebanon and for the convening of an international conference under United Nations auspices to resolve the Middle East conflict. He annoyed the Soviet Union two years ago in bypassing the Security Council and dispatching a team of expert s to investigate charges that Iraq had used chemical weapons against Iranian troops. An extract from the New York Times, 11 October 1986.

VJC l History 8814/01 & 9731/01 l JC2 Preliminary Examination | 2015 3 Source C The new secretary -general soon became an international star. Capitalizing on his insider's knowledge of the organization, Annan showed a remarkable confidence in taking the UN in new directions. He boldly called for the organization to prevent future Rwandas and Bosnias, a challenge that engendered serious political opposition from many states, especially th ose in the developing world that feared it would lead to UN meddling in their internal affairs. He helped ravaged countries such as East Timor and Sierra Leone recover from calamity. He presided over an expansion in peacekeeping missions. He concluded a co mpact with international businesses to share in UN activities. He courted the U.S. Congress and convinced "Senator No," Jesse Helms of North Carolina, to restart the payment of U.S. dues. And by the end of his first term, he had won the Nobel Peace Prize f or himself and the institution. An extract from a review essay on Kofi Annan, published in Foreign Affairs journal, 2006. Source D Interviewer: For you personally, 10 years on, where does Rwanda sit emotionally for you? Boutros-Ghali: There’s still a kind of discrimination concerning the African continent concerning the perception of the international community concerning Africa -- that they are in a hopeless situation. It is one of my greatest failures. I failed in Rwanda. My failure in Rwanda is greater than my failure in Somalia, because in Somalia, I was aware of what will happen once the international communi