ACJC H1 HIST P1

© ACJC 2015 8814/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/15 1 ANGLO-CHINESE JUNIOR COLLEGE Preliminary Examinations JC2 HISTORY 8814/01 Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 18 August 2015 3 hours Additional Materials: Writing Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your class, index number, and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer any three questions. Begin each question on a fresh sheet of paper. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists of 4 printed pages. © ACJC History Department 2015 [Turn over

© ACJC 2015 8814/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/15 2 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS’ SECRETARY-GENERAL 1 Read the sources and then answer the question. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay partic ular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the Sources both individually and as a group. Source A Here I will only mention that never before in the history of the Organization were so many new insights gained about the varied tasks of keeping, making or building the peace in areas riven or threatened by conflict. Indeed, today, the Organization is conducting some missions that were unthinkable in the previous era. All these operations, in one way or another, relate to the implementation of plans negotiated in detail with the parties concerned with the active participation of the Secretary-General. They have a wide range. To take two that have already concluded, the one in Namibia leading the country to independence and the other, the election ob server mission, with a complementary military undertaking, in Nicaragua helped end situations of dangerous strife. To a large extent, the purpose of my mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan has changed since the Geneva Accords, as has the role of my mission in Iran and Iraq since the completion of the withdrawal of forces to the internationally recognized boundaries. Nevertheless, these missions represent a significant evolution in the role of the United Nations in areas relating to international security. Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization, 1991. Source B Often, the Secretary -General has been involved as a mediator in disputes wholly unsuitable for that activity, due to the depth of the problem and/or the stubbornness of the parties. Hammarskjold was never likely to get far with his 1961 mission to Tunis regarding that state’s dispute with France over the latter’s base at Bizerte, for President De Gaulle was not just totally opposed to third party intervention but also contemptuou s of the United Nations. In the 1980s, the Secretary -General’s Representative could make little headway on the Afghanistan problem until the Soviets began to think about departure. In relation to the Iran -Iraq War of 1980 -1988, it was only after the Securi ty Council had pulled itself together in 1987, and Iran had concluded that the balance was turning inexorably against her, that the Security Council was able to assist in the conclusion of a ceasefire. And so far as the long -running disputes over Cyprus an d Palestine are concerned, the equally long-running efforts of the Secretary General have been no more successful than any other mediation might have been. Benjamin Rivlin, The challenging role of the UN Secretary -General: Making “the most impossible job in the world” possible, 1993.

© ACJC 2015 8814/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/15 3 Source C The only Secretary-General really to have measured up to the great potential of the job was Dag Hammarskjold. His successors never came near to his stature. One historian of the United Nations has sharply observed: ‘U Thant was invisible: Kurt Waldheim was a liar: Perez de Cuellar was a man of whom the US ambassador to the UN, Vernon Walters, once said “he couldn’t make waves if he fell out of a boat”.’ William Shawcross, British journalist, writing his book, Deliver u s from Evil: Warlords and Peacekeepers in a World of Endless Conflict, 2000. Source D The Secretary -General’s personal diplomacy has played an important part in facilitating the political process of the United Nations. His quiet negotiation and non -publicized “go-between” role has contributed to the adoption and implementation of resolutions in the United Nations. He also plays an important role in narrowing down and filling in the political gaps existing between member states. He has played the third -party role to get negotiations started when neither side is willing to take the first step. The steady expansion of the Secretary -General’s political role has led to the development of the office as a cornerstone of UN diplomacy. In many cases, the intervention of the Secretary-General aims at creating the needed diplomatic climate rather than at a direct settlement of a crisis. Chi Young Park, Korea and the United Nations, 2000. Source E The new secretary-general Kofi Annan soon became an international star, showing a remarkable confidence in taking the UN in new directions. He boldly called for the organization to prevent future Rwandas and Bosnias, a challenge that engendered serious political opposition from many states, especially those in the developing world that feared it would lead to UN meddling in their internal affairs. He helped ravaged countries such as East Timor and Sierra Leone recover from calamity. He presided over an expansion in peacekeeping missions. He courted the U.S. Congress and convinced it to restart the payment of U.S. dues. By the end of his first term, he had won the Nobel Peace Prize for himself and the institution. What most impressed observers such as the U.S. special envoy to the UN Richard Holbrooke about Annan was his moral s eriousness. He seemed to give a new gravity and standing to the UN. Stephen Schlesinger, Annan at the End: Grading the Secretary-General, 2006. Now answer the following question. How far do sources A ̶ E support the view that the UN Secretary-General has been ineffective in addressing international disputes during the period 1945 ̶ 2000?

© ACJC 2015 8814/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/15 4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 ‘Reagan forced the Soviet Union to end the Cold War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 3 Assess the impact of the international economic clima te on Japan’s economy from 1945 to 2000. 4 Which created more problems for the development of the global ec onomy from 1970 to 2000: the oil crises or trade imbalances? 5 To what extent was the rise of religious fundamentalism in the Middle East and South Asia in the period 1970 to 2000 a result of rivalry between different religions? 6 How accurate is the view that nationalism had a greater impact than religious fundamentalism on the development of the Pales