SAJC H1 HISTORY P1

© SAJC 2015 9731(01)/8814/15 1 ST ANDREW’S JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 Preliminary Examinations General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 2 & Higher 1 HISTORY Paper 1 International History, 1945-2000 9731/01 8814 16 September 2015 3 hours Additional Materials: Answer Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1 . Section B Answer any three questions. Start each answer on a fresh piece of writing paper. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. This document consists of 4 printed pages. [Turn Over

© SAJC 2015 9731(01)/8814/15 2 Section A You must answer Question 1. The United Nations and Peacekeeping 1 Read the Sources and then answer the question which follows. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the sources both individually and as a group. Source A A strongly worded report issued today by an interna tional panel of experts hold both the United Nations and leading member countries, primarily the United States, responsible for failing to prevent or to end the genocide in Rwanda in 1994. T he report, commissioned by UN Secretary- General Annan, spares no one, including Mr Annan an d his predecessor, Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali. But the investigation did no t place all the blame on the United Nations. The leader of the investigation, Ingvar Carlsson, said it would ‘always be difficult to explain’ why the Security Council—managed by the world’s major p owers and not the United Nations bureaucracy—drastically cut the peacekeeping force in Rwanda when the genocide began, then increased it when the massacres were over. From the New York Times, 17 December 1999. Source B UNAMET was unable to halt the violence that broke o ut in 1999 and the majority of the mission’s staff was evacuated. Following ballot day the security situation in East Timor deteriorated, and after the results were announced, there was an eruption of violence. Pro- integration militias conducted organised, coordinat ed operations through population centres, ransacking towns and forcibly displacing hundreds o f thousands of East Timorese to West Timor and the hinterlands. Moving from town to town and village to village, they looted and burnt every house. In a three week campaign, so called Op eration Clean Sweep, Indonesian armed forces and locally organised militia executed hundr eds, possibly thousands of East Timorese. They began by killing those 15 years and older, including both males and females without exception. East Timor provided fresh eviden ce of the limit of UN peacekeeping. The Security Council cannot or will not forcefully intervene until catastrophe strikes, even when it has good reason to anticipate such catastrophe. From an academic journal article, 2001. Source C We then returned to the issue of Somalia. Because o f the United States’ declaration that it would withdraw by March 31, 1994, several European and other governments decided to pull out as well. The Security Council, of which the United States was the major member, had called upon me to offer a plan on what should be done next . “How can I plan if you just walk out of Somalia?” I asked. The United States had ended the United Nations’ effort to restore Somalia to nationhood. There was nothing to do but try to help the United States depart with as little lasting harm as possible. From the book ‘Unvanquished: A US-UN Saga’ by Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, 1999. [Turn Over

© SAJC 2015 9731(01)/8814/15 3 Source D In 1945, delegates from 50 nations met in San Franc isco to draft a charter for a new international collective security organization dete rmined "to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war." Since 1948, the United Nations has conducted 67 peacekeeping operations from Central America to Southeast Asia. From 1948 until the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s, the U.N. developed first-generatio n peacekeeping. U.N. peacekeeping forces consisted of lightly armed troops deployed to serve in a neutral capacity, physically interposed between opponents. Peacekeepers were deployed to ke ep the peace, not to restore peace or stop ongoing fighting. Second-generation peacekeepi ng was born on the fly and out of a necessity to address the far more complex nature of the ethnic and communal violence that increasingly confronted the United Nations at the e nd of the Cold War. It moved peacekeeping beyond the passive interposition role into something far more involved and multidimensional. From an article published by an American university, 2011. Source E Today I want to talk with you about our Nation's mi litary involvement in Somalia. We went because only the United States could help stop one of the great human tragedies of this time. Until June, things went well, with little vio lence. The United States reduced our troop presence from 28,000 down to less than 5,000, with other nations picking up where we left off. But then in June, the people who caused much of the problem in the beginning started attacking American, Pakistani, and other troops who were ther e just to keep the peace. Rather than participate in building the peace with others, thes e people sought to fight and to disrupt, even if it means returning Somalia to anarchy and mass famine. Before the events of this week, as I said, we had a lready reduced the number of our troops…We must complete that withdrawal soon, and I will. From a speech ‘Address on Somalia’ by US President Bill Clinton, 7 October 1993. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A-E support the view that the United Nations should take full responsibility for the failure of peacekeeping? [Turn Over

© SAJC 2015 9731(01)/8814/15 4 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 Which was a more important turning point in the or igins of the Cold War: the Truman Doctrine or the Marshall Plan? 3 How far do you agree that the Cold War ended due t o a reversal in foreign policy? 4 To what extent do you agree that ‘it was politics, not economics, that made the Japanese economic miracle’? 5 ‘Elusive and half-hearted’. How far is this an acc urate reflection of the search for peace in the Arab-Israeli conflict from 1945-2000? 6 ‘The rise of religious fundamentalism had a more s ignificant impact in the domestic sphere than beyond.’ Discuss with reference to the period 1970-2000.