EJC H1 Hist Prelim Paper

EUNOIA JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2020 General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 1 HISTORY The Cold War and the Modern World (1945-2000) 8821 31 August 2020 3 hours Additional Materials: Answer Booklet READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name, civics group and question number on the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the pages in the Answer Booklet. Write your answer to each question in the booklet. Do not use paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. Start each answer on a fresh page in the Answer Booklet. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. At the end of the examination, all work must be handed in. If you have used any additional booklets, please insert them inside the 12-page Answer Booklet. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 5 printed pages and 1 blank page.

2 [Turn over] Section A You must answer Question 1. The Korean War 1 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source A The emerging picture of post -Cold War scholarship on the Korean War fleshes out Khrushchev’s point that the idea for the attack was Kim Il Sung’s. Kim doggedly pressed Stalin to approve the invasion. Stalin seemed interested, but asked Kim to come back with a more detailed plan before he decided. When Kim returned, Stalin expressed concern about possible American reaction, but neither seriously questioned nor discouraged Kim. Kim, in order to get a definite answer from Stalin, made a strong case just to persuade Stalin to agree, and succeeded in the end. The North Koreans then used military support from the USSR and China throughout the war, which included advice on military tactics and political or negotiating strategy, encouragement of the North to keep fighting after the Incheon reversal, approval of training for North Korean pilots, and a generous supply of Chinese troops provided by Mao as part of active support, to their advantage, withstanding the American-led military campaign. From an academic article written by an American political scientist, published in 2014. Source B Kim stated that when he was in Moscow, Comrade Stalin said to him that it was not necessary to attack the south. In case of an attack on the north by the army of Syngman Rhee, then it is possible to go on the counteroffensive to the south of Korea. But sin ce Syngman Rhee is still not instigating an attack, it means that the liberation of the people of the southern part of the country and the unification of the country are being drawn out. He (Kim Il Sung) thinks that he needs again to visit Comrade Stalin and receive an order and permission for offensive action by the Peoples’ Army for the purpose of the liberation of the people of Southern Korea. Further, Kim said that he himself cannot begin an attack, because he is a communist, a disciplined person and for him the order of Comrade Stalin is law. Then he stated that if it is now possible to meet with Comrade Stalin, then he will try to meet with Mao Zedong, after his return from Moscow. Kim underscored that Mao Zedong promised to render him assistance after the conclusion of the war in China. Former Soviet Ambassador Terentii Shtykov, in a telegram to Moscow, January 1950. Source C In Korea the Government forces, which were armed to prevent border raids and to preserve internal security, were attacked by invading forces from North Korea. The Security Council of the United Nations called upon the invading troops to cease hostilities and to withdraw to the 38th parallel. This they have not done, but on the contrary have pressed the attack. The Se curity Council called upon all members of the United Nations to render every assistance to the United Nations in the execution of this resolution. In these circumstances I have ordered United States air and sea forces to give the Korean Government troops cover and support. The attack upon Korea makes it plain beyond all doubt that Communism has passed beyond the use of subversion to conquer independent nations and will now use armed invasion and war. It has defied the orders of the Security Council of the U nited Nations issued to preserve international peace and security. In these circumstances the occupation of Formosa by Communist forces would be a direct

3 [Turn over] threat to the security of the Pacific area and to United States forces performing their lawful and necessary functions in that area. Extract from a televised statement by President Harry S. Truman, 27 June 1950. Source D A leaflet produced by the American Psychological Operations in October 1952, to be dropped across the border into North Korea. The caption of the leaflet (printed vertically on the left side of the leaflet) reads, “You are being deceived”. Source E The new United Nations (UN) proposal (of an armistice) is unacceptable to this Government. As a counter-proposal, we suggest a simultaneous withdrawal of both Communist and UN forces from Korea, on the condition that a Mutual Defense Pact shall be concluded between the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the United State s in advance of its carrying out. The Mutual Defense Pact shall mean that the United States' participation on the ROK side will be instantaneous, in case of the Korean peninsula being attacked by any nation or nations. The United States air and naval force s should remain where they are now, pending the build-up of their Korean counterparts to an adequate degree, so as to deter the enemy from attempting another aggression. Communism North Korea The People Kim Il Sung Stalin

4 [Turn over] If this proposal is unacceptable, however, we must be allowed to continue the fighting. We prefer to fight on to any divisive armistice. Our first choice is, if we are free to make it, still to have our allies by our side to actively help us fight out our common issue. But, if that is no longer possible, we would rather wish to exercise our innate right of self-determination to decide the issue conclusively one way or the other. From a statement by South Korean President Syngman in his correspondences with US officials, June 1953. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence in Sources A and B on the significance of Kim Il Sung in the lead-up to the Korean War. [10] (b) How far do Sources A to E support that view that the Korean War was driven by the superpowers? [30]

5 [Turn over] Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2 ‘Chinese relations with the superpowers was dictated by ideology.’ Assess the validity of this statement. [30] OR 3 How far do you agree that Singapore has been effective in dealing with challenges during the Cold War because of its non-aligned policy? [30] AND EITHER 4 How far do you agree that the poor performance of the United Nations during the Cold War stemmed from structural limitations? [30] OR 5 To what extent do you agree that UNIFIL was an absolute failure in Lebanon from 1978 to 1985? [30]

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