MI H1 HIST 8821 QP

Class Adm No Candidate Name: This question paper consists of 5 printed pages. [Turn over 2018 End-Of-Year Exams Pre-university 2 H1 HISTORY 8821 The Cold War and the Modern World, 1945-2000 12 th September 2018 3 hours Additional Materials: Answer Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Begin each question on a fresh sheet of writing paper. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer TWO questions. All questions in this paper carry equal marks. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

2 Section A You must answer Question 1. THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR 1 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. When answering Question 1 candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretation and evaluation of the Sources both individually and as a group. Source A Aside from the demoralising effect on the world at large and the possibilities of disturbances arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned, the consequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to all. It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist. Excerpt from a speech delivered by the U.S. Secretary of State, George C. Marshall at Harvard University, 5 June 1947. Source B Of course it was taken very seriously. I should say that there were conflicting feelings. On the one hand, there was a willingness to agree to discuss the question; that it was Molotov’s stance. He even wrote a note to the Central Committee arguing that it was necessary to start negotiations; he understood that the Soviet Union need help. In his reply, he noted that reconstruction was everyone’s main aim, and the United States’ offer of help should be welcomed. His reaction to the Marshall Plan was positive. “Stalin, with his suspicious nature, didn’t like it : ‘This is a ploy by Truman. It is nothing like Lend-Lease – a different situation. They do not want to help us. What they want is to infiltrate European countries. Excerpt from an interview with a Soviet Foreign Ministry official who had served after WWII, 1997. Source C It is sometimes said of Stalin that he had long since given up the Lenin-Trotsky goal of world revolution in favour of ‘socialism in one count ry’, a doctrine that seemed to imply peaceful coexistence with states of differing social systems. But that is a misunderstanding of Stalin’s position. Stalin never gave up on the idea of an eventual world revolution, but he expected this to result from an expansion of influence radiating from the Soviet Union itself. ‘For the Kremlin,’ a well-placed spymaster recalled, ‘the mission of communism was primarily to consolidate the might of the Soviet state.’

3 What is there new to say about the old question of responsibility for the Cold War? Who actually started it? Could it have been averted? Here I think the ‘new’ history is bringing us back to an old answer: that as long as Stalin was running the Soviet Union a cold war was unavoidable. From a book by historian John Lewis Gaddis, 1998. Source D Of the original ideology, belief is maintained in the basic badness of capitalism and the innate antagonism between capitalism and socialism. We have seen how deeply this has become imbedded in foundations of Soviet power. It means that there can never be on Moscow’s side any sincere assumption of a community of aims between the Soviet Union and powers which are regarded as capitalist. It mu st invariably be assumed in Moscow that the aims of the capitalist world are antagonistic to the Soviet regime and, therefore, to the interests of the peoples it controls. In these circumstances, it is clear that the main element of any United States’ policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. It must continue to regard the Soviet Union as a rival, not a partner, in the political arena. It must continue to expect that Soviet policies will reflect no real faith on the possibility of a permanent happy coexistence of the socialist and capitalist worlds, but rather a cautious, persistent pressure toward the disruption and weakening of all rival influence and rival power. George Kennan in his article, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct”, published on July 1947. Source E

4 This cartoon by the British cartoonist David Low was published in the Evening Standard on 2 November 1945. The cartoon shows the three foreign ministers, (from left) Molotov (Soviet Union), Byrnes (USA) and Bevin (UK) are shown as her suitors. Molotov, dressed as a woman, is reading a book entitled: 'Western political thriller'. The weather report states: Frost continues, some fog, wind coming up. The bench reads: Seat for five big persons. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided in Sources A and B on USA’s objectives towards the reconstruction of Europe. [ 1 0 m a r k s ] (b) How far do sources A to E support the assertion that it was USSR who started the C o l d W a r ? [30 marks]

5 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2. “The United Nations Security Council was crucial in determining the success of the United Nations between 1945 and 2000.” How far do you agree with this assertion? [30 marks] OR 3. “Peacekeeping was more effective during the Cold War than post-Cold War.” How far do you agree with this assertion? [30 marks] AND EITHER 4. To what extent was the Cold War the main reason for the formation of ASEAN? [ 3 0 m a r k s ] OR 5. Assess the development of Singapore’s foreign policy during the period of 1965-2000. [30 marks] Copyright Acknowledgements________________________________________________________ Source A: http://www.oecd.org/general/themarshallplanspeechatharvarduniversity5june1947.htm, accessed 17th August 2018. Source B: http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war8_Stalinreaction.htm, accessed 17th August 2018. Source C: https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/g/gaddis-war.html, accessed 17th August 2018. Source D: http://www.historyguide.org/europe/kennan.html, accessed 17th August 2018. S o u r c e E : https://archive.cartoons.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=DL2487, accessed 17th August 2018.